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QUESTIONS 



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J 

ANDREWS AND STODDARD'S 



LATIN GRAMMAR. 



V\ FIFTH EDITION, 



V 



REVISED AND CORRECTED. 



BOSTON: 

CROCKER AND BREWSTER, 

47 Washington Street. 

1855. 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1855, 

By Crocker and Brewster, 
in tne Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. 



stereotyped at the 
boston type and stereotype foundry. 



ADVERTISEMENT. 



The Questions contained in this little volurnt, include 
a reference to almost eveiy essential principle comprised 
in the work to which they relate ; and the student, who 
shall be able to answer them intelligently, will possess 
a knowledge of the Latin Grammar at once accurate 
and extensive. 

It is believed, that no valid objection can be made to 
the use of printed questions, upon such a subject, when 
judiciously prepared ; but that, on the contrary, they may 
essentially lighten the labor, both of the instructor and 
nis pupils. The student, knowing beforehand the ques- 
tions which are to be proposed to him, will be able not 
only to give his answers with more precision, but to com- 
prehend more perfectly the nature and application of the 
principles contained in his lesson. Should the use of 
printed questions lead him to adopt in his answers the 
words of his text-book, this result, so far from being 
objectionable in* respect to the elementary principles of 
Latm Grammar, is one which every intelligent teacher 
would greatly desire. Such questions may lessen the 
labor of the instructor, not by superseding the neces- 
sity of a thorough knowledge, on his own part, oi 
the lesson which he is to hear, — for without this no 
teacher can be accounted a competent one, — but b} 
enabling the student to examine himself, and thus to 
come to his recitation prepared in a better manner 
than he could be without their aid. The members 
of a class, also, can render assistance to each other by 
alternately asking and answering the questions ; an«l 



4 ADVERTISEMEJN i 

various means may be easily devised to give interest to 
sicca an exercise. 

In the Grammar, the comparative importance of the 
various parts, to one who is commencing the study of the 
language, is, in some degree, intimated by the size of 
the type in which it is printed. In this respect, how- 
ever, much was necessarily left to the judgment of the 
teacher. For the younger classes, it may be sufficient, 
at first, to learn only the more important paradigms, 
and a few of the leading principles of etymology 
and syntax. Those who commence a little later, can 
learn not only these, but whatever is contained in the 
largest type ; while those who come to the study of 
the Latin language with minds well disciplined by 
other studies, may find it advantageous to include, in 
their first perusal, all those portions designated in the 
questions by an asterisk, ( # ). The parts marked thus, 
( f ) relate to subjects of very different degrees of inter- 
est, and such as will claim the student's attention at 
widely different periods of his education. A few ques- 
tions, referring to extended lists of words, or to excep- 
tions of little practical importance, will scarcely merit 
his particular attention at any period. 

The Grammar to which these questions refer, abounds 
in examples of forms and constructions, intended to 
illustrate the principles in connection with which they 
are introduced. To have alluded in all cases to these 
would have occasioned a constant repetition of the 
direction, "Give an example;" and it was therefore 
thought better to omit it altogether, leaving it to be 
supplied, in each case, by the teacher. 

E. A. A. 

Boston, June 6, 1836. 



QUESTIONS, &c. 



§ 1. * What does Latin Grammar teach ? t To what do 
these principles relate ? What are the primary divisions of 
grammar called ? 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 

§2. * Of what does orthography treat ? How many let- 
ters has the Latin language ? Name them, t What is said of 
i and j ? — of u and v ? — of w and k ? — of y and z ? — of h ? 

§ 3. *How are letters divided ? Name the vowels, t How 
are consonants divided? Name the liquids. How are the 
mutes divided ? Name the labials ; — the palatics ; — the 
linguals. What is s called? Name the double letters. 
What is h called ? Explain the composition of the double 
letters. 

§4. *What is a diphthong? t Name the diphthongs 
What is said of <b and ce ? 

§ 5. t What is said of the ancient punctuation ? — of the 
modern ? * How is a short syllable marked ? How is a long 
syllable ? t Describe the circumflex accent. What is said 
of its use ? Describe the grave accent. What is its use ? 
Describe the diaeresis. What is its use ? 



ORTHOEPY. 

§ 6. * Define orthoepy, t What is said of the ancient pro- 
nunciation of the language ? — of the modern ? Of what do 
the four primary divisions of orthoepy treat ? 

§ 7, * How is an accented vowel pronounced at the end of 
a syllable ? What is said of c, o. and u, at the end of an 
unaccented syllable ? — of a in the same situation ? — of i 
final ? — tof i in the first syllable of a word ? — * of i at the 
end of other unaccented syllables ? — tof i final in tibi and 
sibi ? — of the sound of v ? 

i* 



6 Orthoepy. § 8—19. 

§ 8. * Where has a vowel its short English sound ? 
t When is a excepted ? * What is said of es final ? — of os 
at the end of plural cases ? — tof post ? 

§9. t How are a and <b pronounced ? What is said of ai, 
ei, oi, and yi ? — of ei when a diphthong ? — of au ? — of eu ? 
— of the diphthongs beginning with u? — of ui in cui and 
huic ? 

§ 1 0. * What is the general rule for the sound of the con- 
sonants ? What are the sounds of c? — of ch ? tWhen has 
c the sound of sh ? *What is said of the sounds ofg? 
t What exception in the sound of g ? 

§11. * What is the general rule for the sound of s ? 
t When has s the sound of sh ? When of zh ? What excep- 
tion to the sound of su ? When has s final the sound of z ? 
In what words has it the sound of z at the beginning of a 
syllable ? 

§ 12. t When has t the sound of sh? — when of ch in 
child ? What exceptions ? * Give an account of the sounds 
of x. t When has x the sound of gz ? When of ksh ? What 
combinations of letters before th are silent? In what 
combinations is the first consonant silent ? 

§ 13. * Define quantity. What is the time of a short 
syllable ? Define penult ; — antepenult. What is the first 
general rule of quantity ? — the second ? — the third ? — the 
fourth ? t When is the penult of a word not marked in this 
Grammar ? What is said of enclitics ? When is it necessary 
to learn the quantity of final syllables ? Why ? 

§ 1 4. * Define accent ; — primary accent ; — secondary ac- 
cent. Give the rule for the accent of dissyllables ; — of words 
of more than two syllables, f To what do the rules of accent in 
this and the nine following sections relate ? 

§ 15. * What is the rule for the accent when the penult 
is common ? — for genitives in ius f — for compound words ? — 
f for words compounded with enclitics ? What is the place of 
the secondary accent when only two syllables precede the 
primary ? 

§ 16. * What is its place when more than two syllables 
precede ? What words take three accents ? 

§ IT. * Into how many syllables must a word be divided ? 
f In the rules for syllabication, what does the term vowel include ? 
What in this connection is said of ch, ph, and thf 

§ 18. * What is the rule for a single consonant or a mute 
with I or r between the last two vowels of a word ? — when be- 
tween any two unaccented vowels ? f What words are excepted ? 

J 19. * What is the rule for a single consonant or a mute 
with I or r before the vowel of an accented syllable ? What is 
said of (/I, tl, and thlf 



Etymology. § 20—32. 7 

§ 20. * What is the rule for a single consonant after the 
vowel of an accented syllable ? What syllable is excepted from 
this rule ? What is the rule for h between two vowels ? — for a 
mute with I or r after the vowel of an accented syllable ? What 
syllable is excepted ? When is a single consonant or a mute 
with I or r after an accented a, e, or o joined to the following 
vowel? f What mutes before I are excepted? *W r hat is the 
rule for a single consonant or a mute with I or r after an accent- 
ed u ? — f for bl after u f 

§21. * What is the rule for x between two vowels in writing 
syllables ? — ■ in pronouncing them ? What is the rule for two 
consonants between two vowels ? 

§ 22. What is the rule for three consonants between two 
vowels ? — for four consonants between two vowels ? 

§ 23. What is the rule for the division of compound words ? 
What exception to this rule ? 



ETYMOLOGY. 

§ 24« * Define etymology; — parts of speech. Name the 
parts of speech. What parts of speech are inflected ? f How 
is the word noun used in this Grammar ? 

§ 25, * What do verbs include ? Define inflection. Of 
how many kinds is it ? What words are declined ? — conju- 
gated ? — compared ? 

§ 26. * Define a noun ; — a proper noun ; — a common noun ; 

— a collective noun ; — an abstract noun ; — a material noun. 
■f Explain the change of abstract, proper, and material into 
common nouns. For which class is the infinitive mood used ? 
* What three circumstances require attention in nouns ? 

§ 27. * Define gender in nouns. Name the genders. fWhat 
is the distinction between natural and grammatical gender ? 
On what does the latter depend ? 

§ 28. * What is the first general rule for masculine nouns ? 

— the second ? — the third ? 

§ 29. *The first general rule for feminines ? — the sec- 
ond ? 

§ 30. * Define common and doubtful gender, t Repeat the 
lines containing nouns of the common gender. 

§ 31. tWhat adjectives are joined to common nouns? 
Do they all admit a feminine adjective ? 

§32. tWhat common nouns take feminine adjectives 
only ? What nouns signifying persons are neuter ? 



8 Nouns. — Gender. 1 and 2 Dec. §§ 33—46. 

§ 33. * Define epicenes. tTo what are epicenes applied ? 
What does this class include ? How is their sex marked ? 

§ 34. * Define the neuter gender, t Name the four classes 
of neuter nouns. What is said of the gender of Greek 
nouns ? 

§ 35. * How many numbers have Latin nouns ? How arc 
they distinguished ? What do they denote ? 

§ 36. tWhat difference is there between the Latin and 
the English in regard to cases ? * Define cases. Name them. 

§37. tWhat does the nominative indicate? — the geni- 
tive ? — the dative ? — the accusative ? — the vocative ? — the 
ablative ? What are oblique cases ? 

§ 38. * Define declension. How many declensions are 
there in Latin ? How may these be distinguished ? Repeat 
the terminations of the first declension ; — of the second ; — 
of the third ; — of the fourth ; — of the fifth. [The student 
should be able to repeat these perfectly before he goes 
farther.] 

§40. tHow does the accusative singular end? — the 
vocative singular ? — the nominative and vocative plural ? — 
the genitive plural ? — the dative and ablative plural ? — the 
accusative plural ? What peculiarity have neuter nouns ? 
Which declensions have no neuters? Which, no proper 
names ? Into what two parts may inflected words be divi- 
ded ? * Define the root; — the termination. 

§41. * How do nouns of the first declension end i 
Which terminations are masculine ? Which are feminine ? 
How do Latin nouns of this declension end ? Decline musa. 
tHow is its s sounded? Why? § 11. How is its final a 
sounded ? — its a in the genitive plural ? § 7. 

§ 42. tWhat classes of words in this declension are mas- 
culine ? What exceptions are found in names of rivers ? — 
of mountains ? What other words are masculine ? 

§ 43. tWhat is the first exception in the genitive singu- 
lar? — the second? What exception in the genitive plural ? 
What words have dbus in the dative and ablative plural ? For 
what purpose ? 

§ 44. t What are the terminations of Greek nouns ? Hov 
are Greek nouns in a declined ? Decline Penelope ; — JEneas , 
— Anchises. How is es } in the termination of words, pro 
nounced ? § 8. 

§ 45. tWhat peculiarity have patronymics in des? How 
are Greek nouns of the first declension declined in the plural ? 
What changes did the Latins make in Greek nouns in es 
and e ? 

§46. *How do nouns of the second declension end? 
Which terminations are neuter ? Which are masculine > 



Nouns. — 2 and 3 Dec. §§ 47—61. 9 

Decline dominus ; — gene?' ; — ager ; — regnum. t How is os 
pronounced in the accusative plural ? § 8. Why is the ac- 
cent in dominus upon the antepenult ? § 14. 

§ 47. t What nouns in er retain e in the oblique cases ? 

§ 48. tHow do other nouns in er form their oblique cases ? 
What is said of vir ? 

§ 49. tWhat classes of Greek nouns in us are feminine ? 

§50. tWhat classes are feminine by general rules? 
What names of countries and towns are masculine ? Of 
what gender are Abydus and Lesbos ? Of what is Jlion ? 

§51. tWhat nouns in us are doubtful ? What two in us 
are neuter ? What is the gender of vulgus ? 

§ 52. tWhat exception is found in the genitive singular? 
— in the vocative of nouns in us ? — of proper nouns in ius ? 
What two common nouns in ius form their vocative in the 
same manner ? What is said of other nouns in ius ? 

§ 53. tWhat classes of words commonly form their geni- 
tive plural in um ? Decline Deus. How is Jesus declined ? 

§ 54. t How do Greek nouns of the second declension 
end? What are the corresponding Latin terminations? 
Into what are those in ros changed ? Decline Delos ; — Andro- 
geos ; — Barbiton. What was an ancient form of the genitive 
of some nouns in os ? How are Greek proper nouns in eus 
declined ? 

§ 55. * What is the number of final letters in the third 
declension ? How many are vowels ? What number of final 
syllables? t What three things must be known in order to 
decline a noun of the third declension ? Why must an 
oblique case be known ? Why its gender ? 

§ 56. *How may the root of a noun in this declension be 
ascertained ? Give the terminations of masculines and fem- 
inines ; — of neuters. 

§ 57. * Decline honor. What is its root ? Decline rupes. 
What is its root ? Decline ars. What is its root ? [Proceed 
in this manner through all the examples.] 

§ 58. t What nouns are not included in the following rules 
for gender ? * What terminations in the third declension are 
masculine ? 

§ 59. t What is said of nouns in io ? — of nouns in do and 
go ? — of margo and cupldo ? — of caro, and Greek nouns 
in o? 

§60. t What is said of tuber? — of linter? — of siser? 
What nouns in er are neuter ? 

§ 61. tWhat noun in or is feminine ? What nouns in or 
are neuter ? What nouns in es increasing are feminine ? 
What is said of ales ? — of ces ? What nouns in os are fem- 
inine ? What are neuter ? 



10 Nouns.— 3 Dec. Genitive. §§62—71. 

§62. *What terminations in the third declension are 
feminine ? t What nouns in as are masculine ? What are 
neuter ? What nouns in es not increasing are masculine ? 
What are either masculine or feminine ? What are neuter ? 

§63. t What Latin nouns in nis are masculine? What 
are doubtful ? What nouns in is are masculine or feminine ? 
What are masculine ? 

§ 64. tWhat four dissyllables ending in ns are mascu- 
line ? What nouns ending in bs or ps are masculine ? What 
other nouns in ns are also masculine ? What is said of 
lidens? What nouns ending in s after a consonant, are 
either masculine or feminine ? What is said of animans ? 

§ 65. t What nouns in ax are masculine ? What is said of 
Umax ? Of what gender are nouns in ex ? What nouns in 
ex are feminine ? What one is neuter ? What are doubtful ? 
What nouns in ix are masculine ? What two in ix are either 
masculine or feminine ? What nouns in ox are masculine ? 
What noun in ux is masculine ? What nouns in yx are mas- 
culine ? What are either masculine or feminine ? What is 
said of calx and bombyx ? What parts of as end in x ? Of 
what gender are they ? 

§ 66. * What terminations in the third declension are 
neuter? tGive the exceptions in L What is said of nouns 
in n ? What four in on are feminine ? What four in en are 
neuter ? 

§ 67. tWhat nouns in ar and ur are excepted ? What 
nouns in us are masculine ? What is said of lagopus ? Of 
what gender are nouns in us whose genitive ends in utis or 
udis f What other nouns in us are feminine ? What is the 
gender of grus, mus, and sus ? — of rhus ? 

§ 68. t How do nouns in a form their genitive ? — nouns 
m e ? — nouns in i ? 

§69. tNouns in o? — patrials in o? What patrials fol- 
low the general rule ? What is the rule for the genitive of 
nouns in do and go ? What three polysyllables are except- 
ed ? What dissyllables in do and go have inis ? What 
other nouns in o have inis? How does caro form its geni- 
tive ? How do Anio and JYerio ? What is said of some 
Greek nouns in o ? 

§ 70. t Name the nouns in c, and their genitives. How 
do nouns in l 9 n, and r, form their genitive ? Give the excep- 
tions in I. 

§71. t What is said of neuters in en f What four mascu- 
lines make inis? What is said of some Greek nouns in on ? 
How do nouns in ter form their genitive ? What other 
nouns form it in the same manner ? What nouns in ter re- 
tain e ? Give the genitive of far ; — of hepar ; — of iter ; — 



Nouns.— 3 Dec. Genitive. §§72—79 11 

of Jupiter ; — of corf What four in ur have oris ? Give the 
genitive of jecur. 

§72. tHow do nouns in as form their genitive? Give 
the genitive of as; — of mas ; — of vas, a surety ; — of vas f 
a vessel ; — of anas. Give the rule for the genitive of Greek 
nouns in as. What is the genitive of Melas ? 

§ 73. t How do nouns in es form their genitive ? What 
is the genitive of Achilles ? What nouns in es form their 
genitive in Uis ? What in Itis f What in et is ? What two 
nouns in es form their genitive in Idis ? What nouns form 
their genitive in edis? — in edis? Give the genitive of 
Ceres ; — of bes ; — of prces ; — of ces. 

§ 74. t How do nouns in is form their genitive ? What 
nouns in is make eris ? What make idis ? What two make 
Knis ? What four make itis ? Give the genitive of glis. 
What are the terminations in the genitive of Greek nouns in 
is ? What is said of tigris ? — of Charis ? — of semis t 

§ 75. t How do nouns in os form their genitive ? What 
nouns have oris? What one in os has oris? What nouns 
in os have otis ? Give the genitive of custos ; — of bos ; — 
of os ■, a bone. What is said of some Greek nouns in os ? 

§ 76. t How do nouns in us form their genitive ? What 
nouns in us have oris? Name three which h&ve udis ; — 
one which has udis ; — five which have utis. What is the 
rule for monosyllables in us ? What two are excepted ? 
Give the genitive of tellus ; — of Ligus. What is the geni- 
tive offraus ? — of Ictus ? How do Greek nouns in pus form 
their genitive ? What is said of some Greek names of cities 
in us ? — of nouns in eus ? — of rhus ? 

§ 77. tWhat is said of nouns in ys? How do nouns in s 
with a consonant before it form their genitive ? What ter- 
minations change s into is ? What is said of nouns in eps ? 
Give the genitive of seps ; — of auceps. What terminations 
change s into tis ? What nouns change s into dis ? Give 
the genitive of Tiryns. 

§ 78. tWhat is said of nouns in t? How do nouns in x 
form their genitive ? What are the most common nouns 
which form their genitive in gis ? What rule is given for 
nouns in ex of more than one syllable ? What seven words are 
excepted ? Give the genitive of supellex ; — of senex ; — of nix ; 
— of nox. "What is said of some Greek proper names in ax t 
Give the genitive of onyx and sardonyx. 

§ 79. f How does the dative singular end ? What other 
termination did it anciently have ? What is the rule for the 
accusative singular ? What class of nouns has the accusa- 
tive in im? What ten nouns have also the accusative 
in im? What five have im, and sometimes emf What 



12 Nouns. — 3 Dec. Dative, tyc. 4 Dec. §§80—88. 

nine have em, and rarely im ? What noun in es has some- 
times im ? 

§ 80. tHow does the accusative singular of Greek nouns 
end ? What Greek nouns form their accusative in em or a ? 
What three, whose genitive is in is pure, have em or a? 
What four have usually a ? What one has only a ? What 
Greek nouns form their accusative in im, in, or Idem? 
What is said of feminines in is increasing impurely in the 
genitive ? What of tigris f What Greek nouns form their 
accusative by changing s into m or n? What is the accusative 
of nouns ending in the diphthong eusf — of Demosthenes and 
Ganymedes f — of some Greek proper names in es t 

§81. t What is said of the vocative ? — of the vocative 
of Greek nouns ? 

§ 82. tHow does the ablative singular regularly end? 
What is the first exception ? What nouns in e are regular ? 
— in ar ? — in al ? What is the ablative of mare ? What 
is the second exception ? What three words under the sec- 
ond exception, make either e or i ? What is the third excep- 
tion ? What nouns under the third exception have e only ? 
What is the fourth exception ? What is said of adjectives 
in is used as proper names ? — of affinis ? — ofjuvenis, rudis, 
and volucris ? What is the fifth exception ? What is the 
sixth exception ? 

§ 83. tWhat is the rule for the nominative plural ? How 
do some Greek neuters form this case ? How does the geni- 
tive plural end ? What is the first class of nouns which have 
iumf — the second? What exceptions to the second? 
What is the third class ? What two nouns are excepted ? 
What other monosyllables, ending in s or x, have ium f 
What is the fourth class ? What is said of other nouns in 
as? — of pendtes and optimates? What nouns are in the 
fifth class ? How do Greek nouns form their genitive plural ? 
Give the genitive plural of bos. How do nouns which want 
the singular, form the genitive plural ? What is said of 
nouns in alia ? — of ccelites ? 

§ 84. t How do the dative and ablative plural end ? 
What is said of bos? — of sus ? — of Greek nouns in ma ? — 
of Greek nouns increasing in the genitive ? 

§ 85. t How does the accusative plural end ? What 
nouns make sometimes eis or is ? What nouns make as in 
the accusative plural ? Decline Jupiter. Decline vis. 

§ 86. t Decline lampas. [So the other Greek nouns.] 

§ 87. * How do nouns of the fourth declension end ? 
What is said of these two classes? Decline fructus ; — 
cornu. 

§ 88. tWhat six nouns in this declension are feminine 



I! 



Nouns. — 4 and 5 Dec. Derivation. §§89 — 100. 13 

What two plurals are also feminine ? What is said of penus ? 

— of specus? What other nouns are feminine by general 
rules ? 

§89. tWhat is said of domus ? Decline it. What dif- 
ference of meaning have domus and domi ? What four nouns 
belong both to the second and fourth declensions ? What one 
to the third and fourth ? How were nouns of this declension 
formed ? Show this infructus. What ancient termination 
of the genitive singular is sometimes found ? What other 
genitive singular sometimes occurs ? In what authors is the 
dative in u especially found ? What is said of the genitive 
plural in urn? What eight nouns have their dative and 
ablative plural in ubus f What four in ibus or ubus ? 

§ 90. * How do nouns of the fifth declension end ? What 
is their gender ? Decline res. Decline dies, t What excep- 
tions occur in gender ? What exceptions are found in the 
genitive and dative singular ? Give examples of each. 
How many nouns belong to this declension ? How many 
are complete ? What is said of the rest ? What four nouns 
of this declension do not end in ies? What four nouns in 
ies are of the third declension ? What is said of requies ? 

§91. t When are both parts of a compound noun de- 
clined ? When is one part only ? Decline respublica ; — 
jusjurandum ; — mater-familias. 

§ 92. t Into how many classes are irregular nouns divi- 
ded ? In what ways may a noun be variable ? Define heter- 
ogeneous nouns. Define heter oolites. Of what does the first 
class of heterogeneous nouns consist ? — the second class ? — 
the third class ? — the fourth class ? — the fifth class ? — the 
sixth class ? — the seventh class ? 

§ 93. t Describe the first class of heteroclites ; — the sec- 
ond class. What is the probable origin of variable nouns ? 

§ 94. t In how many ways may a noun be defective ? 
What is an aptote ? — a monoptote f — a diptote ? — a triptote ? 

— a tetraptote ? — a pentaptote ? Why do most nouns of the 
fifth declension want the plural ? What is said of the voca- 
tive of many words ? 

§ 95. tWhat are the two classes of nouns defective in 
number? What classes of nouns from their nature want 
the plural ? 

§ 96. t What classes of nouns want the singular ? 

§99. tin what- ways may nouns be redundant? In 
what are those of the first class redundant ? — of the 2d ? 

— of the 3d? — of the 4th? — of the 5th? — of the 6th? 

— of the 7th ? What classes of redundant nouns are men- 
tioned at the close of the list in this section ? 

§ 100. t From what are nouns generally derived ? De- 
ss 



14 Nouns. — Derivation. §§101 — 103. 

fine a patronymic. From what language are patronymics 
derived ? What is the usual termination of masculine pat- 
ronymics ? From what are those in eldes or ides derived ? 
those in ddes ? — in iddes ? What are the corresponding ter- 
minations of feminine patronymics ? What other feminine 
termination is found ? Of what declensions are patronymics ? 
Define a patriot or gentile noun ? To what part of speech 
do most patrials belong ? Define a diminutive. What are 
the usual terminations of diminutives ? To what are these 
terminations usually added ? tWhat is usually inserted be- 
fore the terminations? tWhat other connecting vowel is 
sometimes used ? What is the fourth mode in which some 
diminutives terminate ? Is the root always unchanged ? Is 
the diminutive always of the same gender with the primi- 
tive ? Define amplificatives. What is denoted by the termi- 
nations ium or itium when added to the root of nouns ? — by 
the termination imonium ? — by etum added to the root of 
names of plants ? What nouns in this sense are formed from 
arbos and salix ? What is the force of the termination avium ? 
— of lie when added to the roots of words denoting animals ? 
§ 101. t What are the most common forms of abstracts 
from adjectives ? When are abstracts formed in etas 9 How 
is libertas formed ? How difficultas f What terminations are 
sometimes used instead of itas ? What instead of ia f What 
is said of consuetudo and mansuetudo ? What additional ter- 
mination of abstracts is sometimes found ? Is more than 
one abstract ever formed from a single adjective? Define 
concretes. 

§ 102. t Define verbal nouns. What is denoted by the 
termination or added to the first root of a verb ? How are 
verbal abstracts in ium formed ? How are those in e~la, irno- 
nia, or imonium, formed ? What does the termination men- 
. turn denote ? To which root is it added ? What other 
termination has sometimes the same meaning? How are 
verbals denoting a means or instrument formed ? How are 
verbals denoting an agent formed ? Are all nouns in tor 
verbals ? How are verbal abstracts formed from the third 
root ? What is said of those in ra ? — of those in orium ? 

§ 103. tWhat is the 1st mode of forming compound 
nouns ? What are the two classes of those derived from two 
nouns ? What is the 2d mode ? — the 3d ? What is said of 
certain compounds of numerals with vir ? When the formei 
part is a noun or an adjective, how does it usually end ? 
What if the second word begins with a vowel ? What is the 
4th mode of forming compound nouns ? — the 5th ? When 
the former part is a preposition, what change is sometimes 
made ? 



Adjectives. — Oblique Cases. §§104 — 113. 15 

§ 104. * What is an adjective? t Into what classes may 
adjectives be divided ? 

§ 1 05. * How are adjectives declined ? Of what declen 
sions are they ? What are the terminations of masculine 
adjectives of the first and second declensions ? How are the 
feminine and neuter formed ? How is the masculine de- 
clined ? — the feminine ? — the neuter ? t What adjective 
ends in ur ? * Decline bonus in the masculine gender ; — in 
the feminine ; — in the neuter. What participles are declined 
like bonus ? Decline the different genders of tener. t What 
other adjectives are declined like tener ? What is said of 
exter t 

§ 106. * In what respect do other adjectives in er differ 
from these? Decline piger. tWhat is said of dexter? 
* What noun does the masculine of tener resemble in declen- 
sion ? What does that of piger resemble ? 

§ 107. * How many adjectives in us have their genitive 
and dative like unus ? How many in er ? t Mention the 
compounds of utcr. How are alteruter and alteruterque de- 
clined ? * Decline unus. How does its declension differ 
from that of bonus ? tWhat peculiarities has alius? How 
did some of these adjectives anciently form their genitive 
and dative ? 

§ 108. *Into how many classes may adjectives of the 
third declension be divided? How do adjectives of three 
terminations end ? Decline the different genders of acer. 
t What other adjectives are declined like acer ? How is celer 
declined ? What other termination of the nominative sin- 
gular masculine sometimes occurs? What peculiarity has 
volucer ? 

§ 109. *How do adjectives of two terminations end? 
Decline the masculine and feminine genders of mitis ; — the 
neuter gender. How is tres declined ? 

§ 110. * Decline mitior. What comparative is not de- 
clined like mitior ? Decline plus. 

§111. * What is said of other adjectives of the third de- 
clension ? Decline felix in the masculine and feminine ; — 
in the neuter. Decline pr&sens. What participles are de- 
clined like prcesens ? 

§ 1 1 2. tWhat is the general rule for the genitive singu- 
lar of adjectives of the third declension ? Give the different 
formations of the genitive of adjectives in es ; — of locuples ; 

— ofbipes and tripes ; — of compos and impos ; — of pernox ; 

— of ccelebs ; — of inter cus. What is said of adjectives in 
ceps, compounds of caput ? — of those in cors } compounds of 
cor? 

§ 1 1 3. tHow is the ablative singular formed in adjectives 



16 Adjectives. — Numerals. §§114 — 119. 

of two or three terminations ? How is the ablative of com- 
paratives and participles in ns formed ? What is the termina- 
tion of participles in ns, in the ablative absolute ? How do 
adjectives of one termination form their ablative ? What is 
the rule for the nominative plural neuter ? — for the genitive 
plural ? How do comparatives in or form these cases ? 
What two other words resemble them in this respect ? 

§ 114. t What adjectives have e in the ablative singular, 
and um in the genitive plural ? What have e or i, and um ? 
What three have e or i, and um or ium? What is said of 
volucer ? What four have i only ? How do these form the 
genitive plural ? Decline dis. 

§ 115. t Into wb,at classes are irregular adjectives divi- 
ded ? What class of adjectives wants the neuter gender ? 
What is said of victrix and ultrix ? Mention seven adjectives 
which want the genitive plural, and whose neuter is scarcely 
used ? What cardinal numbers are indeclinable ? 

§ 117. *Name the principal classes of numeral adjec- 
tives. How may the cardinal numbers be known ? Repeat 
them, with the corresponding English numbers. t Divide 
duodecim into syllables, and accent it. § 23. 

§ 118. t How are the cardinal numbers denoting hun- 
dreds declined ? * Decline duo. What is said of its genitive 
plural ? What other word is declined like duo ? t What car- 
dinal numbers are used in the singular ? How is the plural 
of unus used ? What numbers are sometimes expressed by 
decern, and et, followed by a smaller number ? From twenty 
to a hundred, how are the two numbers united ? How, in 
numbers above one hundred ? What is said of the sub trac- 
tive forms of numerals ? In what numbers are they not 
used ? How are numeral adverbs used in connection with 
cardinal numbers ? What numbers are always expressed in 
this way ? How is mille used ? What is said of the declen- 
sion of mille ? Which are the numeral letters ? What does 
each denote ? What effect has the repetition of a numeral 
letter ? Which letters are not repeated ? What effect has 
the prefixing of a letter of less value ? What is the effect 
of annexing a letter of less value ? How was 1000 originally 
marked ? Into what was this contracted ? How is 500 
marked ? What is the effect of annexing an inverted C 
to the letters denoting 500, 5000, &c. ? How are the let- 
ters denoting 1000 and 10000 multiplied by 10 ? How was 
200,000, &c. denoted ? Explain the shorter method of 
marking thousands. 

§ 1 19. * Define ordinal numbers. tWhat is their termi 
nation ? How are they declined ? * Define distributive 
numbers ? t How are distributives declined ? * Repeat the 



Adjectives. — Numerals. Comparison. §§ 120 — 126. 17 

ordinals ; — t the distributives ; — the corresponding numeral 
adverbs. 

§ 120. t How is prior used? What word is often used 
for secundusf How are the ordinals from 13 to 19 written ? 
How are 21st, 31st, &c, often expressed ? How are 22d, 32d, 
&c. ? How are the other compound numbers expressed ? 
In what ordinal numbers is the subtractive expression often 
employed ? In what distributive numbers may the subtrac- 
tive expression be used? How do the poets sometimes use 
distributives ? When are they so used in prose ? How is 
the singular of some distributives used ? In numeral adverbs, 
what subtractive forms are used ? 

§ 121. tWhat do multiplicatives denote ? How do they 
end ? How are they declined ? What do proportionals de- 
note ? How are they declined ? What do temporals denote ? 
What is the fourth class ? — the fifth class ? 

§ 1 2 2. * Into what two classes may adjectives be divided ? 
tWhen objects are compared, what threerelations may they 
bear to each other ? How is inferiority denoted ? How is a 
small degree of a quality denoted ? How may equality be 
denoted ? 

§ 1 23. t In what two ways may the relation of superiority 
be denoted ? * Define the positive degree. What are the 
two degrees of relative superiority ? Define the comparative 
degree; — the superlative degree, t What are the two other 
uses of the comparative ? 

§ 124. * How does the terminational comparative end? 
— the terminational superlative ? To what are these termi- 
nations added ? 

§ 125. * What peculiarity in comparison have adjectives 
in er? tWhat adjective in us has a similar superlative? 
What peculiarity have adjectives in lis ? Repeat the adjec- 
tives. What peculiarity have five adjectives in jicus? 
Repeat them. What is said of adjectives in dicens and 
volens? Mention five whose comparatives are regular, but 
whose superlatives are irregular. Compare them. Compare 
bonus ; — malus, &c. How were the comparative and super- 
lative formed in these adjectives ? 

§ 126. t Repeat the comparative and superlative of sev- 
en adjectives which want the positive ; — the positive and 
superlative of eight which want the terminational compara- 
tive ; — of eight which have very rarely this comparative. 
Compare adolescens, &c. How is the superlative of juvenis 
and adolesc ens supplied? — of senex? For what are minor 
natu and major natu sometimes used ? What classes of ad- 
jectives have no terminational superlative ? What classes 



18 Adjectives. — Derivation. Composition. §§127 — 132. 

have no terminational comparison ? What exceptions are 
found in these classes ? 

§ 1 27. *What adverbs are equivalent to the terminational 
comparison? tWhat adverbs and prepositions prefixed to 
adjectives denote a high degree of a quality ? How may the 
force of the comparative and superlative be increased ? What 
is the effect of qudm before the superlative ? What adjectives 
may be compared by means of adverbs ? What prepositions 
may be prefixed to the positive to give it the force of the 
comparative or superlative ? What classes of adjectives de- 
note invariable qualities ? 

§ 128. t From what three sources are derivative adjec- 
tives chiefly formed ? What are denominative adjectives ? 
What do denominatives in eus denote ? What other termi- 
nation has sometimes the same meaning? What are the 
origin and force of denominatives in eiis ? What termina- 
tions of denominatives denote belonging or relating to? 
What termination of denominatives sometimes denotes char- 
acter ? What do denominatives in arius generally denote ? 
What does this termination denote when annexed to numeral 
adjectives ? What do denominatives in osus and lentus de- 
note ? Before lentus, what connecting vowel is commonly 
inserted ? What are adjectives of these terminations called ? 
How are diminutive adjectives formed ? What terminations 
of denominatives denote of or belonging to a place ? From 
what are they derived ? From what names of towns are de- 
nominatives in inus formed ? — those in as ? — those in anus ? 
From what other nouns are adjectives in anus also formed ? 
What adjectives are formed from names of towns in polis f 
How do Greek names of towns form adjectives ? What do 
denominatives having the form of perfect participles signify ? 

§129. tWhat are verbal adjectives? How are verbals 
in bundus formed ? What is their meaning ? From what 
conjugations do they come ? What other termination has 
the same force ? What does the termination idus denote ? 
— the termination bilis ? What is the connecting vowel in 
verbals in bills from verbs of the 3d conjugation ? From 
which roots of a verb are these verbals formed ? How are 
verbals in ilis formed ? What do they signify ? How are 
verbals in icius or itius formed ? What meaning have they ? 
What is said of verbals in ax? 

§ 130. t What are participial adjectives? What are ad- 
verbial adjectives ? What are prepositional adjectives ? 

§ 131. t When the former part of a compound adjective 
is a noun, or an adjective, how does such part usually end ? 

§ 132. * What is a pronoun ? How many simple pronouns 
are there? Into what two classes are pronouns divided? 



Pronouns. — Substantive. Adjective. §§ 133 — 138. 19 

How many are substantive ? t What is said of the use of ego 
and tuP — of their persons? How is sui used? Of what 
person is sui 9 How are the reflexives of the other persons 
supplied? Why are the other pronouns called adjective 
pronouns ? What is said of the pronouns derived from the 
substantive pronouns ? * What pronouns have a vocative ? 
Why has sui no nominative ? Of what gender are the sub- 
stantive pronouns ? t What is said of the gender of adjective 
pronouns ? 

§ 133. * Decline ego; — tu; — sui. t What is said ot 
mihif Explain the modes of giving an intensive meaning 
to these pronouns. What forms are used by comic writers ? 
How are nostrum and vestrum formed ? How is cum^ used 
with the substantive pronouns ? 

§ 134. * Into what classes are adjective pronouns divided ? 
Define demonstrative pronouns. What pronouns are demon- 
strative ? Decline ille. How is iste declined ? Decline hie ; 

— is. t What ancient forms of ille are mentioned ? — of hie ? 
• — of is f With what is ecce compounded ? How are istic and 

illic formed? What is said of their meaning ? Decline istic; 

— illic. To what is ce intensive added? What if ne also is 
added? What is said of modi? *How is idem formed? 
Decline it. t What is said of m before d in compound pro- 
nouns ? 

§135. * Define intensive pronouns. What does this class 
include ? Decline ipse, t How is ipse used ? What forms 
are found in comic writers? In what contracted forms is 
ipse found ? 

§ 136. * Define relative pronouns. What does this class 
include ? t What other pronouns might be included ? What 
is the use of relatives ? Define the antecedent. * Decline 
qui. t How is qui used ? How is cum used with the abla- 
tives of qui ? What other forms of the dative and ablative 
plural are used ? What were the ancient forms of cujus and 
cui? What is said of quicunque? Decline quisquis. What 
other forms occur ? 

§ 1 37 . * Define interrogative pronouns, t What pronouns 
are included in this class ? * How are quis and its compounds 
used ? How are qui and its compounds ? How is qui inter- 
rogative declined ? Decline quis. t How is quis used by 
comic writers ? How is qui used ? In what connection have 

?uis and qui most commonly the sense of some one t any one f 
n what other sense are they used ? What is said of quisnam 
and quinam? — of ecquis and numquis? — of ecquisnam? 
Decline cujus. Decline cujas. When are interrogatives 
called indefinites ? 

§138. * Define indefinite pronouns, t What are included 



20 Pronouns. Verbs. §§ 139 — 145. 

in this class ? * Decline aliquis. How are siquis and nequis 
declined ? t What other forms of aliquis, siquis, and nequis, 
are found? What is the difference between the forms in 
quid and quod ? How are quisque, quisquam, and quispiam, 
declined? What is said of unusquisque? How are quidam, 
quilibtt, and quivis, declined ? 

§ 139. * Define possessive pronouns, t From what are 
they derived ? What pronouns are included in this class ? 
How are they declined ? What is the vocative singular mas- 
culine oFmeus? How are the possessives made intensive in 
the ablative singular? Which pronouns are called reflexive? 
When the subject of a proposition is of the first or second 
person, what reflexives are used ? Define patrials. § 104. 9. 
What pronouns are patrials ? 

§ 140. * What is a verb ? What is the subject of a verb? 
t To what two purposes are verbs applied ? What verb be- 
longs to the second class ? How is sum commonly used ? 

§141. * Into what two classes may verbs be divided ? 
What is an active verb ? How many forms have most active 
verbs ? What are they called ? For what purpose are these 
forms used ? Define the active voice ; — the passive voice. 
t How can the passive voice be substituted for the active ? 
For what purpose is the active voice especially used ? For 
what is the passive ? 

§ 142. * Define a neuter verb, t What difference of 
idiom is observable between the Latin and the English in 
the use of neuter verbs ? * What form have neuter verbs ? 
t How are they used in the passive voice ? Which are the 
neuter passive verbs ? Why are they so called ? Which are 
the neutral passives ? How are they described ? * Define 
deponent verbs. Why are they so called ? t What is said of 
the terms transitive and intransitive? What five things are 
to be noticed in the form of verbs ? 

§ 143. * What are moods? How many moods have Latin 
verbs? Name them. Define the indicative mood ; — the sub- 
junctive ; — the imperative ; — the infinitive. 

§ 144. *What are tenses? t What is the first natural 
division of time ? How may an action be represented in 
each of these times ? * Name the six tenses thus formed, 
t Name those which represent an action as not completed; — 
those which represent it as completed. In the passive, how 
are these two classes distinguished ? 

§ 145. * How does the present tense represent an action ? 
t Give the three subordinate significations. * How does the 
imperfect represent an action ? t Give its four significations. 
* How does the future tense represent an action ? How does 
the perfect tense represent an action ? Jn its former sense, what 



Verbs. — Formation. Roots. §§ 146 — 151. 21 

is it called ? In its latter ? How does the pluperfect repre- 
sent an action ? — the future perfect ? t What has this tense 
been improperly called ? To what English tense does it cor- 
respond ? What tenses of the passive have no exact corre- 
spondent tenses in English ? * In what mood are all the 
tenses found ? What tenses are wanting hi the subjunctive ? 
t What is said of the meaning of the tenses of the subjunc- 
tive ? * What tense has the imperative ? How is it used ? 
What tenses has the infinitive ? How are they used ? 

§ 146. * What are numbers? How many numbers have 
verbs ? 

§ 147. *What are persons? t What persons has the 
imperative? What is said of the person and number of 
infinitives ? * Give the personal terminations in both voices. 
How does the 1st person singular end, in the active voice ? 
t When is the perfect indicative active irregular ? Why are 
the pronouns of the 1st and 2d persons usually omitted, as 
subjects of finite verbs ? 

§ 148. * What is a participle? What form has the par- 
ticiple ? t In what does it resemble a verb ? In what, an 
adjective ? In what, both ? * How many participles have 
active verbs ? What, in the active ? What, in the passive ? 
W T hat participles have neuter verbs ? What have deponent 
verbs ? What are gerunds ? In what cases are they used ? 
In what number ? What are supines 9 How do they end ? 
t By what names are they severally called ? In what sense 
are they used ? 

§ 149. * What is the conjugation of a verb ? How many 
conjugations are there ? How are they characterized ? 
\ What verb of the first conjugation is excepted ? 

§ 150. *0f what two parts does a verb consist? What 
is the general root of a verb ? How many special roots has a 
verb ? Where are they found ? How is the 2d root formed 
in each conjugation ? How is the 3d ? t Are all verbs 
regular in their 2d and 3d roots ? How are these roots gen- 
erally formed in the 2d conjugation ? What is said of these 
roots in the 3d conjugation ? What is said of e and i before 
o, in the 2d and 4th conjugation ? Is the general root always 
preserved in the parts derived from the 2d and 3d roots ? 
* What is the connecting vowel of a verb ? What is this 
vowel in the several conjugations ? t What in the 3d conju- 
gation ? Where are two connecting vowels found ? In what 
parts does the connecting vowel sometimes disappear, or un- 
dergo a change ? 

§ 151. t What parts, in each voice, are derived from the 
1st root ? What parts are derived from the 2d root ? What, 
in the active voice, from the 3d root ? What, in the passive 



22 Verbs. — Formation. Sum. Amo. §§ 152 — 156. 

voice, from the same root ? What tenses of the passive voice 
are formed from the perfect participle ? How is the future 
infinitive passive formed? * Which are called the principal 
parts of a verb ? Why are they so called ? Which are 
the principal parts of the passive voice ? 

§ 1 52. * Repeat the verbal terminations derived from the 
1st root, in each tense of the first conjugation in the active 
voice ; — then of each of the other conjugations, in the same 
manner ; — then of each of the tenses of the passive voice ; — 
then of the tenses formed from the 2d root; — then those 
formed from the 3d root in the active voice ; — then in the 
passive. [These terminations should be repeated until any 
part, person, or number, can be given, in any tense, and in 
either voice, as soon as it is named ; and, on the other hand, 
when any termination is named, the student should be able 
to tell where it may be made. With strict attention, this 
may soon be done, and much labor will, in the end, be saved.] 
What parts of a verb may be distinguished by the personal 
terminations? How are the conjugation, mood, and tense, 
determined ? If this method fails, what means may be re- 
sorted to ? 

§ 153. * Why is sum called an auxiliary verb? t Why 
a substantive verb ? Why a copula ? § 140. * In what parts 
is it irregular ? t What is said of its imperfect and future 
tenses ? * What are its principal parts ? Conjugate the 
several moods, tenses, &c. in order. 

§ 154. t What present participle of sum is supposed to 
have anciently existed ? In what compounds is it found ? 
What is the obsolete present of fuiP What is the old sub- 
junctive present from the same root ? Whence is fore de- 
rived ? How was it formed ? In what places is it found ? 
To what is forem equivalent ? To what is fore equivalent ? 
How is sim conjugated in ancient writers ? Mention othei 
ancient forms. *How are the compounds of sum conjugat- 
ed? What peculiarity has prosumf Of what is possum 
compounded ? t What is said of potis, when written sep- 
arately? What changes are made by composition in the 
parts of possum? * Give the principal parts of possum; — 
its conjugation. 

§ 155. * Give the principal parts of amo, in the active 
voice. Conjugate, in order, the tenses of the indicative 
mood ; — of the subjunctive ; — the imperative ; — the infin- 
itive. Give the participles ; — the gerunds ; — the supine. 

§ 156. * Give the principal parts of amo, in the passive 
voice. Conjugate the tenses of the indicative mood; — of 
the subjunctive; — the imperative; — the infinitive. Give 



Verbs. — Conjugations. Remarks. §§157 — 162. 23 

the participles ; — the supine ; — the formation ofMhe parts 
of the active voice derived from the first root; — from the 
second root ; — the third root ; — of the parts of the passive 
voice derived from the first root ; — from the third. 

§ 157. * Give the principal parts of moneo, in both voices. 
[Proceed with it in the same manner as with amo.] 

§ 158. * Give the principal parts of rego, in both voices. 
[Proceed with it in the same manner as with amo.] 

§ 159. * Give the principal parts of capio, in both voices. 
[Proceed with this in the same manner as with amo.] 

§ 160. * Give the principal parts of audio, in both voices. 
[Proceed with this also in the same manner as with amo.] 

§ 161. * How are deponent verbs conjugated? What is 
said of their participles and participial formations ? What is 
said of the participles of neuter deponent verbs ? Conjugate 
miror. 

§ 162. t What is said of the old subjunctive present in 
im ? In what verbs was this retained ? What ancient forms 
are found of the indicative mood, imperfect and future tenses, 
of the 4th conjugation? What is said of re in the second 
persons of the passive voice ? In what verbs is the termina- 
tion e dropped from the 2d person singular of the imperative 
active ? What is said of their compounds ? What ancient 
forms are found in the second persons of imperatives passive ? 
What is the ancient form of the present infinitive passive ? 
What contractions often occur when the 2d root ends in v f — 
when it ends in iv f — when it ends in s or x ? Which form 
of the third person plural of the perfect indicative active is 
most common ? Explain the ancient forms in so and sim. 
What is said of faxo and faxim? How was the old future 
infinitive in sere formed ? What is said of the number ot 
supines in um in the language ? What is said of the case, 
gender, and number, of participles in the compound tenses 
of the indicative and subjunctive moods ? — in the infinitive 
mood ? What is said of the use of the tenses of sum, formed 
from the 2d root, in compound tenses ? — of their significa- 
tion ? What does the participle in rus, with the verb sum, 
denote ? Give the periphrastic conjugation, with participles 
in rus. What part of sum is not joined with the participle 
in rus ? What does the participle in dus, with the verb sum, 
denote ? Give the periphrastic conjugation, with the par- 
ticiple in dus. What is said of the participles of neuter 
verbs ? — of the perfect participles of some deponent verbs ? 
— of the participles of neuter passive verbs ? ■*» of ausus f 
What case of participles in rus is not used? With what 
exceptions? What is said of the participles mundusf — of 



24 Verbs. — Formation of Roots. §§ 163—176. 

present #d perfect participles, compounded with in ? How 
do participles become adjectives ? 

§ 163. t What is the first general rule of conjugation ? — 
the second ? What is said of reduplication ? What is the 
third rule ? — the fourth ? What is said of the reduplication 
of compound verbs ? What is said of verbs which, in com- 
position, change a into e in the 1st root ? — of verbs which 
change a, ce, or e, in the 1st root, in tiie simple verb, into i 
in the compound ? What exception is given ? What verbs 
change their conjugation in the compounds ? 

§ 164. t How are the 2d and 3d roots formed in the first 
conjugation ? What marks and abbreviations are used in the 
tables ? 

§ 165. t Give the principal parts of the following verbs, 
crepo, &c. 

§ 166. t What is said of deponent verbs of the 1st con- 
jugation ? 

§ 1 67. t How do verbs of the 2d conjugation end ? What 
is said of their 2d and 3d root ? 

§ 168. t Give the principal parts of the following verbs, 
aboleo, &c. 

§ 169. t How many impersonal verbs belong to the 2d 
conjugation? Give the principal parts of decet, &c. 

§ 170. t Give the principal parts of the following depo- 
nent verbs, fateor, &c. 

$ 171. f How are the 2d and 3d roots formed in the 3d 
conjugation? What letters unite with s, in the 2d root, to 
form x ? How are these letters changed in the 3d root ? 
What is said offluo and struo t — of & before s and t ? — of d and 
t before s 1 Give the 2d root of bibo, &c. ; — of ago, &c. 
(§ 172) ; — of cado, &c. ; — of alo, &c. ; — of arcesso, &c. ; — of 
cresco. Sec. How do verbs whose root ends in d or t form their 
3d root ? What is said of the compounds of do f Give the 
supine of excello, &c. ; — of cerno, &c. (§ 172); — of verbs 
in sco f having v in the 2d root ; — * of bibo t &c. ; — of arcesso, &c. 

§ 172. t Give the principal parts ofacuo, &c. 

§ 173. t What is said of the 2d and 3d roots of inceptive 
verbs ? — of the perfect of those formed from nouns ? 

§ 174. t Give the principal parts of the following depo- 
nent verbs, apiscor, &c. 

§ 175. t How do verbs of the 4th conjugation regularly 
form their 2d and 3d roots ? 

§ 176. t Give the principal parts of the following verbs, 
amicio, &c. What is said of desiderative verbs? What 
three desiderative verbs have a 2d root ? 



Verbs, — Irregular, Defective. §§ 177 — 184. 25 

§ 177. t Give the principal parts of the following depo- 
nent verbs, assentior, &c. 

§ 178. *What are irregular verbs? Name the simple 
irregular verbs. How are irregular verbs exhibited in this 
Grammar ? Where is volo irregular ? t How is it made 
irregular ? * Give its principal parts. Conjugate it in its 
various moods and tenses, t What ancient forms are found ? 
* Of what is nolo compounded ? t What changes do the sim- 
ple words undergo ? * Give the principal parts, and conju- 
gate it. What ancient forms occur in Plautus ? Of what is 
malo compounded ? t What changes occur in the simple 
words ? * Give the principal parts, and conjugate it. t What 
peculiar forms occur in Plautus ? 

§ 179. *In what respects is fero irregular? Give the 
active voice of fero ; — the passive voice. 

§ 180. *In what parts has Jio the form of the active 
voice ? Of what verb is it the passive ? Give its principal 
parts, and conjugate it. t What compounds of f ado have a 
similar passive ? 

§ 181. * Where is edo, to eat, irregular? Conjugate it 
in those parts. 

§ 182. * Where is eo irregular? To what conjugation 
do its regular parts belong ? What is said of its first root ? 
Give its principal parts. Conjugate it. t What other form 
of the future is found ? How is it used in the passive voice ? 
What is said of the conjugation of the compounds ? Which 
compounds are used actively? What is said of ambiof 
How are queo and nequeo conjugated ? 

§ 1 83. * What are defective verbs ? t How many verbs 
are especially defective ? Which are the preteritive verbs ? 
Why are they so called ? Conjugate odi. How are its per- 
fect participle, and those of its compounds, used ? Conju- 
gate ccBpi. Where is cwptum est used in preference to cozpi? 
Conjugate memini. In what sense are odi and memini used ? 
What other perfect tenses are used in the same manner ? Con- 
jugate aio, &c. What other verbs are sometimes reckoned 
among defectives ? In what parts are furo and do defective ? 
What verbs contract with si f 

§ 184. * What are impersonal verbs? t What nomina- 
tive generally precedes them in English ? Conjugate delec- 
tat, &c. How can the passive voice of a neuter verb be used 
for the active ? Conjugate pugndtur, &c. How is the par- 
ticiple in dus, of neuter verbs, used ? How is the imperative 
mood of impersonal verbs supplied ? How are their perfect 
passive participles used ? What parts are wanting in most 
impersonal verbs ? What is said of those parts in pcenitet f 
— in pudet and piget ? 



26 Verbs. Paiiicles. Adverbs. §§ 185—194. 

§ 185. t What are redundant verbs ? In what ways may 
a verb be redundant? 

§ 1 87. t From what are verbs derived ? What are denom- 
inative verbs ? Of which conjugation are active denomina- 
tives ? Of which are neuter denominatives ? How are they 
formed ? What are initiatives ? What classes of verbs are 
derived from other verbs? What are frequentativcs ? Of 
which conjugation ? How are they formed ? What are in- 
ceptives ? How are they formed ? From what conjugation 
are they generally formed ? How are they formed from 
nouns and adjectives ? Of what conjugation are they ? 
What are desideratives ? How are they formed ? Of what 
conjugation are they? What is said of verbs in iirio? 
What are diminutives ? How are they formed ? Of what 
conjugation are they ? What are intensives? How are they 
formed ? 

§ 1 88. t In what ways may verbs be compounded ? 

§ 189. t How are cogo and dego formed ? — demo, promo, 
and sumo? — pr&beo and debeo? What change occurs in 
facio, when compounded with a preposition ? What com- 
pounds of lego change e into i ? What is said of the com- 
pounds of calco and saltof — of plaudo? — of audio? — of 
causo, claudo, and quatio ? — of juro ? 

§ 190. * Define particles. Mention the classes. What 
.s an adverb ? t What can be substituted for adverbs ? 

§191. t What are the five interrogative adverbs, under 
which most adverbs of place may be classed ? Explain the 
distinction between hie, istic, and illic y and the derivatives of 
each. How are interrogative adverbs made general ? How 
may the signification of the English soever be added to an 
adverb ? 

§ 192. t From what are adverbs derived ? Mention the 
three classes formed from nouns. What do those in im sig- 
nify ? — those in Uus ? How are adverbs formed, when de 
rived from adjectives of the 1st and 2d declensions ? — when 
derived from those of the 3d declension ? How do numeral 
adverbs end ? What cases of adjectives are used adver 
bially ? What kind of adverbs are formed from the adjective 
pronouns ? How are their ablatives in o and d used ? What 
is the signification of adverbs formed from participles ? How 
are they formed ? What case of participles is used adver 
bially ? 

§ 194. *What adverbs are compared? How does the 
comparative end ? How is the superlative formed ? t What 
other terminations have superlatives ? * When is the com- 
parison of adverbs irregular or defective ? t What adverbs 



Prepositions. Conjunctions. §§ 195 — 198. 27 

not derived from adjectives are compared ? * In what other 
way may adverbs be compared ? 

§ 195. * What is a. preposition? How many prepositions 
have an accusative after them ? t Repeat them. * How 
many have an ablative ? t Repeat them. * How many have 
either the accusative, or ablative ? t Repeat them. Why 
are prepositions so called ? What is the distinction in the 
use of a, ob, and abs? — of e and ex? What other words 
have by some been called prepositions ? 

§ 196. t What is said of the final consonants of preposi- 
tions in composition ? Where is a used in composition ? 
Where is abs used ? In what word is the b dropped ? In 
what is it changed into u ? Before what letters is d in ad 
assimilated, i. e. changed into the same letters ? Before what 
is it omitted ? Into what is it changed before q ? What is 
said of circum in composition ? Before what letters is the m 
of cum retained ? Before what is it assimilated ? Where 
does it become n ? Where is it commonly omitted ? In 
what word is b inserted after it ? Where is ex used ? Before 
what letter is the x assimilated? Before what is it often 
omitted ? Where is e used ? Where is the n of in changed 
into m? Where is it assimilated? Where is it omitted? 
What is the origin of d in some compounds of in before a 
vowel ? Where is b in ob assimilated ? In what word 
omitted ? In what words is the r of per assimilated ? What 
is said of pro before a vowel ? Where is the b of sub assimi- 
lated? Where is it changed into s? Where is it lost? 
Where does trans lose s? What does it often lose before 
other consonants ? Which are the inseparable prepositions ? 
Why are they so called ? Where is the b of amb omitted ? 
Where is m changed into n? To what consonants is dis 
prefixed ? Where is the 5 assimilated ? In what word is it 
changed into r? Where is di used? Where is red used? 
Where is re used ? What word is excepted ? What is said 
of se and ve ? 

§ 197* f What is said of the meaning of prepositions in 
composition ? What meanings has a in composition ? — adf — 
ambi or amb ? — circum f — contra t — de t dis t — e or ex f — 
in f — inter f — ob f — per f — post f — prce f — prceter ? — pro f — 
re or red t — set — sub f — subter f — super f — trans f — ve ? 

§ 198. * What is a conjunction? t Into what classes may 
conjunctions be divided ? What are copulatives ? — disjunc- 
tives ? — concessives ? — adversatlves ? — causals ? — illatives ? 
— jinals ? — conditionals ? — suspensives ? How are ac and 
atquc used ? What conjunctions are enclitics ? How are 



28 Syntax. — Subject and Predicate. ^ 199—204. 

enclitics used ? With what other part of speech may some 
conjunctions be classed ? 

§ 199. * What is an interjection? 



SYNTAX. 

§ 200. * Define syntax. Of what parts does a proposition 
consist ? What is the subject of a proposition ? — the predi- 
cate ? t How is affirm used by grammarians ? 

§ 201. * What is the first twofold division of subject ? 
Of what does the grammatical subject consist? — the logi- 
cal ? t What is the other division of subject ? What is a 
simple subject? — a compound subject ? Define the words to 
modify or limit. In how many ways may a grammatical 
subject be modified ? What are they ? What else may be 
modified in the same manner ? In how many ways may an 
adjective be modified ? What are they? How may a parti- 
ciple be modified ? — an adverb ? — a preposition ? Can a 
modified grammatical subject be modified? Of what, be- 
sides a modified noun, &c, may a logical subject consist ? 
What, in such case, is the grammatical subject? In what 
case is the subject of a proposition put ? 

§ 202. * What is the first twofold division of predicate ? 
Of what does the grammatical predicate consist ? — the logi- 
cal ? t What is the other division of predicate ? What is a 
simple predicate? — a compound predicate? In how many 
ways may a grammatical predicate be modified ? What are 
they ? How may an infinitive be modified ? 

§ 203. *Of what does a sentence consist? What is a 
simple sentence ? — a compound sentence ? What are mem- 
bers or clauses 9 t How are clauses divided ? Define an 
independent clause; — a dependent clause; — a leading clause, 
subject, and verb. In what mood is the leading verb ? How 
are the members of a compound sentence connected ? What 
is said of an abridged proposition ? What is agreement ? 
When is a word said to govern another ? When to depend 
on another ? When to follow another ? 

§ 204. * What is the rule for words in apposition ? t For 
what purposes are nouns put in apposition ? What limita- 
tion is there in regard to the part of the proposition to which 
the nouns may belong ? What ellipsis may be supposed ? 
What is the rule for the gender of the noun annexed ? Must 
they agree in number ? What is said of the omission of the 
substantive pronoun? Of what number must a noun be, 
which is in apposition to two or more nouns ? — when thev 



Apposition. — Agreement of Adjectives. § 205. 29 

are connected by cum ? Of what gender must it be, when 
they are proper names of different genders? In what other 
case is the annexed noun sometimes put ? When may one 
be in the genitive, and the other in the ablative ? What is 
said of a proper name after nomen or cognomen, and a verb 
governing a dative ? What may supply the place of one of 
the nouns ? What is said of the apposition of the whole, 
and its parts ? * What is the rule respecting interrogative 
and responsive words ? t What may supply the place of the 
substantive pronoun in the genitive ? Is there any other 
exception ? 

§ 205. * What is the rule for the agreement of adjec- 
tives, <fcc. ? 1 In what two ways may adjectives, &c, be 
used ? In general propositions, relating to both sexes, in 
what gender are the pronouns? *Of what number is an 
adjective belonging to two or more nouns ? t What is the 
rule for the gender of the adjective, when the nouns denote 
living things ? — when they denote things without life ? — 
when one denotes an animate, and the other an inanimate 
thing ? Is the adjective always plural when it agrees with 
two or more nouns ? Suppose the nouns are joined by cum ? 
* What is said of an adjective qualifying a collective noun ? 
t In what case is it always plural ? In what other cases does 
an adjective sometimes differ in gender from its noun ? Can 
a plural noun ever have adjectives in the singular? What is 
said of a participle belonging to the subject, but placed after 
the noun of the predicate ? When may an adjective, belong- 
ing to the subject of an infinitive, be in the dative ? * Is 
the noun, to which an adjective belongs, always expressed ? 
What nouns may be understood when the adjective is mas- 
culine ? What is said of neuter adjectives, when used alone ? 
t What noun maybe supplied in English? * When infini- 
tives, &c, are used substantively, in what gender are their 
adjectives ? t What is said of neuter adjectives used parti- 
tively ? Is this use of neuter adjectives confined to the sin- 
gular number ? What do such adjectives commonly signify ? 
What is said of adjectives used adverbially? What other 
parts of speech may be used as adjectives ? What is the 
gender of adjectives used partitively with the genitive plu- 
ral ? — with collective nouns ? What is said of adjectives 
when joined to possessive adjectives used for genitives ? 
When one noun governs another in the genitive, what 
sometimes happens to the adjective belonging to one of 
them ? In what way is the place of an adverb, qualifying a 
verb, sometimes supplied ? What adjectives are used in- 
stead of their neuters taken adverbially ? What is said of 
the use of conjunctions in connecting adjectives? What il 
3* 



30 Adjectives. — Relatives. Demonstratives. §§206,207. 

the second adjective qualifies the complex idea formed by 
the noun and the first adjective ? * Repeat the remark re- 
specting primus, &c. t In what gender is the participle of 
neuter verbs in compound tenses of the passive voice ? 

§ 206. * What is the rule for the agreement of relatives f 
t To what words does the rule relate ? How may the rela- 
tive be considered as placed? Are both nouns ever ex- 
pressed ? Which is most commonly expressed ? When is 
the latter noun only expressed ? By what is the antecedent 
sometimes supplied ? When are both nouns omitted ? What 
is said of the omission of the relative ? Explain the two 
cases of attraction. When an adjective belonging to the 
antecedent is placed in the relative clause, what is said of its 
case ? What adjectives are usually placed so ? Does the 
reverse of this position ever occur ? When a word explana- 
tory of the antecedent, but of a different gender or number, 
is placed in the relative clause, what is said of the relative ? 
When the same object is denoted by two nouns, with which 
does the relative agree ? When the relative clause contains 
sum, or a verb of naming, &c, with a noun denoting the 
same thing as the antecedent, with which does the relative 
agree ? Repeat the 11th remark. In what is the antecedent 
sometimes implied ? What is said of the relative, when the 
antecedent is a proposition ? How is id sometimes used in 
such sentences? If a noun, having the same meaning as 
the proposition, follow it, with which may is agree ? What 
is said of quod in transition ? Before what words does quod, 
in this sense, most frequently occur? What is the con- 
struction of quod when so used ? When the relative refers 
to nouns of different genders, with which does it agree ? 
What is said of the relatives quot, quantus, qualis ? To what 
words do they correspond ? 

§ 207. t With what do adjective pronouns often agree ? 
In what respect do the idioms of the Latin and English differ 
in respect to the use of demonstrative pronouns ? How are 
the neuters of demonstrative pronouns sometimes used ? 
* What is the distinction between hie and ille ? t Is this dis- 
tinction always observed ? * What is the distinction between 
hie, ille, and iste ? t IJow are they used in letters ? What 
other meaning has ille? -—iste? What is said of the mean- 
ing of is ? How are hie, is, and ille, used with relatives ? 
What other meaning has is ? What is said of is, with et or 
que? For what is idem often used? In what sense is it 
sometimes employed, when repeated ? How is the English 
phrase " the same as," expressed in Latin? What is said 
of the use of ipse ? With what nouns does it express exact- 
ness ? What is sa/id of the u§e of quicunque ? — of auisauis f 



Reflexives. — Agreement of Verbs. §§ 208, 209. 31 

— of aliquis and quispiam f — of quisquam and ullus ? For 
what is nemo often used ? What is said of the use of alius ? 

— of alius repeated in the same proposition ? — of alter ? — 
of alius repeated in different propositions ? — of the differ 
ence between quidam and aliquis 9 What other use of qui- 
dam. is spoken of? What is said of quivis and quiiibet? — of 
quisque? — of quisque with superlatives? — with primus? 
How are the possessive adjective pronouns used ? In what 
other way are they used? In what sense are they often 
omitted ? 

§ 208. *To what do sui and suus properly refer? To 
what do they refer in dependent clauses ? \ To what, when 
the leading subject is indefinite ? To what do they often 
refer when the leading verb is in the passive voice ? — when 
the subject is a thing without life ? What pronoun is some- 
times used for sui and suus f For what purposes is ipse so 
used ? What is said of the use of se and ipse with inter ? 
When reference is made to some word which is not the 
subject of the proposition, what pronouns are employed ? 
When, even in such case, may sui and suus be used ? What 
other usages occur in regard to the demonstratives and re- 
flexives ? What is said of suus when it refers to a word in 
the predicate ? What is said of suus, hujus, &c, when the 
noun is omitted ? — when two nouns are connected by cum ? 
What peculiar meanings sometimes belong to suus f 

§ 209. * What is the rule for the agreement of a verb? 
t Why are the pronouns of the first and second persons usu- 
ally omitted ? When are they expressed ? When is the 
nominative of the third person omitted ? Before what verbs 
is homines often omitted ? In what clauses is the nominative 
most frequently omitted ? What is the first class of verbs 
before which the nominative is regularly wanting ? What is 
the second class ? Before the passive of what neuter verbs 
may a nominative be used ? What is the third class ? — the 
fourth class ? What is sometimes the subject of these verbs ? 
What is the fifth case in which no nominative is used ? 
With what class of verbs does this most frequently occur ? 
What is the sixth class ? Is the verb of a proposition always 
expressed ? What verb is most commonly omitted ? What is 
said of the nominative and infinitive? What verb may, in 
such cases, be sometimes supplied ? Of what person is the 
relative qui? In what manner may general truths be some- 
times expressed ? - What is said of the agreement of a verb 
with a predicate-nominative? — of a verb in apposition to 
the principal nominative ? — of a verb with a collective noun ? 
What is usually expressed by such plural verb ? What is said 
pf this construction in Livy and Cicero ? What is said of the 



32 Predicate-Nominative. Genitive. §§ 210, 211. 

case in which two or more clauses have the same collective 
noun ? What is said oftantum, with the genitive plural ? — 
of the verbs after uterque, quisque, &c. ? — *of the verb be- 
longing to two or more nominatives singular ? t In what case 
is the verb always plural ? * What if the nominatives denote 
things without life ? t What if one of the nouns is plural ? 
What if each of the nominatives is preceded by et or turn f 
What is said of unus et alter ? * Of what number is the verb 
when the nominatives are connected by aut ? t When is the 
plural necessary with disjunctives ? When a nominative 
singular is joined to an ablative with cum. what is said of 
the verb ? * What is the rule for the person of the verb, when 
the nominatives are of different persons ? t Is there any ex- 
ception to this ? * What interjections are followed by a nom- 
inative ? 

§ 210. * What is the rule for the predicate-nominative 
and accusative ? t Is any other case so used ? What is the 
rule respecting adjectives, &c, after similar verbs ? Do the 
two nouns always agree in number ? What classes of verbs 
are included in this rule ? With verbs of which class is the 
infinitive of sum used ? What is said of audio f For what 
purpose is a predicate-nominative used after some other 
verbs ? What is said of the use of opus ? When is the 
noun of the predicate influenced by attraction ? 

§211. * What is the rule for the genitive after nouns ? 
t How is the first example explained ? What are the most 
common relations denoted by the genitive ? Explain the 
difference between the subjective and objective genitive. 
How is ambiguity avoided ? What is the rule for the gen- 
itive of substantive pronouns? For what genitives is the 
possessive adjective pronoun commonly used ? How are 
other possessives used ? What other case is sometimes used 
like the objective genitive ? What does the noun in the 
dative, in such case, denote ? Is the dative ever used in- 
stead of the possessive or subjective genitive ? * What is 
the rule when the limiting noun denotes a property, character, 
&c. ? t What may supply the place of the adjective ? In 
what case is the noun denoting the property, &c, then put? 
Can the adjective be omitted when its place is not supplied ? 
What is said of the omission of the limited noun ? How may 
it sometimes be supplied ? * In what situation may the noun 
limited often be wanting? Give the 1st case in which the 
limited noun is wanting after sum; — the 2d ; — the 3d. f In 
this case, what is frequently the subject of the verb? After 
what other verb is this construction found ? When may the 
limited noun be wanting, though not in the predicate ? How 
is this construction sometimes explained ? What seems to be 



Genitive after Partitives, fyc. §§ 212—214. 33 

the true explanation ? Is the genitive ever omitted ? Can a 
noun be limited by more than one genitive ? What is said 
of the limitation of opus and usus ? How is the genitive of 
Latin denoted in English ? 

§ 2 1 2. * What is the rule for the genitive after partitives? 
t What are the two classes of genitives after partitives ? What 
nouns are partitive ? What is the rule for adjectives used 
partitively ? What is the distinction between the partitive 
use of comparatives and superlatives ? — between uter, alter, 
and neuter, and quis, alius, and nullus? — between the use of 
nostrum and vestrum, and nostri and vestri ? Are partitives 
always expressed ? What other construction, instead of the 
genitive, is sometimes found after partitives ? What is said 
of the distributive use of the whole, and its parts ? What is 
said of the construction of cuncti and omnes ? * What is the 
rule for the genitive after neuter adjectives? Of what num- 
ber is the genitive after neuter adjectives ? t What class of 
neuter adjectives is thus used? What pronouns are included 
in the rule ? In what other way may these adjectives, &c, 
be used ? Mention those which, in certain circumstances, 
are construed with the genitive only. In what cases are the 
neuter adjectives, &c, which are followed by a genitive ? 
What adjectives are used in the genitive after partitives ? 
What noun is followed by a similar genitive ? Is the con- 
struction with the genitive confined to neuter adjectives of 
the singular number? *What adverbs are used partitively 
with a genitive ? t What genitives are used with adverbs of 
place ? What adverbs of place are thus used ? What ad- 
verbs take a genitive signifying degree ? What genitives 
are used in expressions denoting time ? With what adverbs 
are these genitives used ? What is said of ejus after quoad ? 
— of the genitive after pridie and postridie? When these 
adverbs are followed by the accusative, what is understood ? 
What is said of adverbs in the superlative degree ? 

§ 213. *What is the rule fbr the genitive after adjec- 
tives ? t Mention the classes of adjectives after which the 
genitive is most frequently used. What nouns are used in 
the genitive after many other adjectives? What does the 
genitive sometimes denote by a Greek construction ? What 
is said of participles in ns ? What five modes of construc- 
tion are often used after adjectives, instead of the genitive ? 
Does the meaning continue the same in all these construc- 
tions ? 

§ 214. * What is the rule respecting sum and verbs of 
valuing ? t What adjectives may be put in the genitive by 
this rule ? What nouns ? Which are the verbs of valuing ? 
What is said of cequi and boni? What ablatives are used 



34 Genitive after Verbs, fyc. Dative. §§ 215 — 222. 

after cestimo ? After what does pro nihilo occur ? What 
other constructions occur with rtfert and interest? What 
nouns may be understood with the neuter adjectives which 
fall under this rule ? 

§215. * What is the rule respecting miser ear, &c. ? 
t On what does this genitive depend ? What is sometimes 
used instead of the genitive ? What is said of satdgo ? 

§ 216. * What is the rule for recordor, &c? t In what 
two ways are these verbs used ? How otherwise are re- 
cordor and mc?nini, to remember, sometimes construed ? — 
memlni, to make mention of? 

§ 217. * What is the rule for verbs of accusing, &c. ? 
t Which are verbs of accusing ? — of convicting ? — of con- 
demning? — of acquitting? What other constructions are 
often used after these verbs ? How is the punishment ex- 
pressed ? What three verbs of accusing sometimes take an 
accusative ? 

§ 218. * What is the rule for verbs of admonishing? 
t What verbs are included in this rule ? What other con- 
structions are sometimes used with verbs of admonishing ? 

§ 2 19. * What is the rule for refert and interest ? t What 
construction is used after these verbs, instead of the genitive 
of the substantive pronouns? In what case are these adjec- 
tive pronouns ? What other constructions are used after 
these verbs ? What is said of the nominatives to these verbs ? 

§ 220. * What is said of certain verbs denoting an affec- 
tion of the mind ? t What words take a genitive in imitation 
of the Greek idiom? What classes of verbs, which are com- 
monly followed by an ablative, sometimes take a genitive ? 
What is said of potior ? 

§ 221. * What is the rule for the genitive of place? 
t What other names of places are sometimes used in the 
genitive ? What other case is sometimes used instead of the 
genitive ? * What other genitives are construed like names 
of towns ? t With what adjectives is domi thus used ? What 
case of domus is used with other adjectives ? When a pos- 
sessive genitive follows, in what case is domus put? What 
other genitive is sometimes used like humi ? Upon what is 
the genitive of names of towns supposed to depend? What 
is said of the genitive after tenus ? 

§ 222. * What is the rule for the dative after adjectives? 
What adjectives are followed by the dative ? t How is the 
dative usually translated after verbals in bills? What is said 
of dido audiens? Repeat the adjectives which are followed 
by either a genitive or a dative. Can an adjective govern 
two cases ? What other construction is sometimes used in- 
stead of the dative of the end or object ? What is said of 



Dative after Verbs. Accusative. §§ 223—229. 35 

the construction of adjectives signifying advantageous, &c. ? 
— of those denoting motion or tendency? — of many adjec- 
tives signifying an affection of the mind? — of the plural ot 
those signifying like, equal, common, &,c. ? — of propior and 
prozirnus ? What adjectives are sometimes followed by 
cam and the ablative ? What by a or ab ? What is said of 
idem ? 

§ 223. *What is the rule for the dative after verbs? 
After what kinds of verbs is the dative used ? t Mention 
the verbs which take a dative after them, generally without 
the signs to or for. What case is used, after many of these 
verbs, instead of the dative ? What case, besides the dative, 
do active verbs have ? What four verbs are mentioned as 
having the accusative only ? How is jubeo construed ? 

§ 224. * Give the rule " Many verbs compounded," &c. 
t What other prepositions in composition with verbs some- 
times take the dative ? What is said of some verbs of re- 
pelling, &c. ? — of some verbs of differing? What other 
case is sometimes used after verbs compounded with ad, 
ante, &c, instead of the dative ? Do the compounds of neu- 
ter verbs always remain neuter ? 

§ 225. * What is the rule respecting verbs compounded 
with satis, &c. ? t On what does this dative depend ? What 
is said of the agent of passive verbs ? * What is said of the 
agent of the participle in dus ? t When is the dative want- 
ing after participles in dus? What may, in such cases, be 
supplied ? In what other way is the participle in dus some- 
times construed ? * What is said of verbs signifying motion 
or tendency ? t What other classes of verbs have the same 
construction ? What other construction sometimes follows 
these verbs ? What is said of venio ? 

§ 226. * What is the rule for est and the dative? How 
may est, thus used, be translated ? t After what other verbs 
is a similar dative found ? 

§ 227. * What is the rule for sum, &c, and tico datives? 
f To what verbs does this rule apply ? Which dative is 
sometimes omitted ? How may sum, in this construction, 
be translated ? In what situation must the words jit, able, 
&c, be supplied ? What case is sometimes used instead of 
the dative of the end ? Upon what does the dative of the 
object seem sometimes to depend ? What is said of such ex- 
pressions as Est mihi nomen Alexandro ? 

§ 228. * What - is the rule for the dative after particles? 
t What is the first class ? — the second ? — the third ? What 
datives seem to be sometimes redundant ? 

§ 229. * What is the rule for the object of an active 
verb ? What is said respecting other cases following an ac- 



36 Accusative after Verbs, fyc. §§ 230—235. 

tive verb ? t What difference of idiom is remarked between 
Latin and English ? What two cases of the omission of the 
active verb are mentioned ? What two cases of the omission 
of the accusative? What may supply the place of the accu- 
sative ? What is said respecting the subject of some depend- 
ent clauses ? * What is said respecting the impersonal verbs 
miser et, &c. ? — respecting juvat, &c. ? 

§ 230. * What is the rule for verbs signifying to name or 
call j &c. ? t What is said of the accusatives after verbs sig- 
nifying to esteem or reckon ? What is said of the accusative 
after many other verbs ? 

§231. *What is the rule for verbs of asking, &c? 
t Instead of the accusative of a person after verbs of asking 
and demanding, what construction occurs ? Instead of the 
accusative of a thing, what construction occurs? What 
verbs of asking, &c, are not followed by two accusatives t 
What accusatives follow many other active verbs ? What is 
said of the construction of genus ? 

§ 232. * What is the rule for the accusative after some 
neuter verbs ? t In what two ways is the accusative after 
verbs commonly neuter, to be accounted for ? What prepo- 
sitions may be supplied ? What accusatives, after neuter 
verbs, are most common ? 

§ 233. * What is the rule for the accusative after verbs 
compounded with a preposition ? t What is said of com- 
pounds of trans? What other compounds have a similar 
construction ? What active compound verbs are mentioned 
as taking an accusative after their passive voice ? How is 
the accusative governed after most verbs compounded with 
a preposition ? What is said of the case of neuter verbs 
compounded with a preposition ? — of some neuter verbs 
compounded with prepositions governing an ablative? — of 
the construction of some verbal nouns and verbal adjectives 
in bundus? 

§ 234. *When the active voice takes two accusatives, 
which is retained after the passive voice ? t In what respect 
does the government of a verb differ in its two voices ? 
What is said of induo and exuo ? — of cingo ? — of the neuter 
of the future passive participle with est ? What is the rule 
for synecdoche? What is said of some neuter verbs which, 
in the active voice, are followed by an accusative ? 

§ 235. * What is the rule for the accusative after prepo- 
sitions? t Repeat these prepositions. What is the difference 
in use between cis and citra ? What is said of inter ? * What 
is said of in and sub ? t What are the most common signifi- 
cations of in with the accusative ? — with the ablative ? 
What is said of in and sub when denoting neither tendency 



Accusative. Ablative. §§236—244. 37 

nor situation ? — of sub in expressions relating to time ? 
* What is the rule for super ? t What is said of its com- 
pounds ? * What is the rule for subter ? — for clam ? t What 
is said of versus and usque? What is said of prepositions 
without a noun depending upon them ? 

§ 236. * What is the rule for the accusative of time and 
space ? t In what other cases are nouns, denoting time and 
space, often put ? In what peculiar way may ordinal num- 
bers be used in expressions denoting a term of time ? What 
is said of the omission of the accusative or ablative of space ? 
To denote a place by its distance from another, which case 
is used ? Is a preposition ever expressed with this accu- 
sative ? 

§ 237. *What is the rule for the accusative of place? 
t What is said of iter with sum, &c. ? What preposition is 
to be supplied with this accusative ? What is said of ad in 
this connection ? What other case is sometimes found in- 
stead of the accusative ? * What is said of the accusative 
of domus and rus ? — t of domus limited by a genitive or a 
possessive adjective pronoun ? — of domus after a verbal 
noun ? — of other names of places besides those of towns ? 

§ 238. t What adverbs are followed by the accusative ? 
What preposition is understood ? In what forms is bene fol- 
lowed by an accusative ? * What interjections are followed 
by an accusative ? 

§239. * What is the rule for the subject-accusative? 
t When is the subject of the infinitive omitted ? When may 
a substantive pronoun be omitted before the infinitive ? 
When is the subject of the infinitive wanting ? 

§ 240. *What is the rule for the vocative? t What is 
said of the omission of a vocative ? Is a vocative a part of a 
proposition ? 

§ 241. *What is the rule for the ablative after preposi- 
tions ? t Repeat these prepositions. What is said of tenus ? 
— of the adverbs procul and simul ? What is said of the 
omission of the ablative ? — of the preposition ? 

§ 242. * What is the rule for the ablative after compound 
verbs ? t What is said of the repetition of the preposition ? — 
of the omission of the noun. 

§ 243. * What is the rule for opus and usus? — t with a 
perfect participle ? With what verb are they used ? What 
distinction is made between the use of opus and usus ? In 
what other construction may the thing needed be put? 
With what words is the nominative most common ? 

§ 244. * What is the rule for dignus, &c. ? t What is 
said of digne ? By what other case are dignus and indigvus 
4 



38 Ablative of Source, Cause, Price, fyc. §§ 245 — 252. 

sometimes followed ? Instead of the ablative, &c, what 
other constructions occur ? 

§ 245. * What is the rule for utor, &c. ? t What is said 
of the accusative after these verbs ? What is said of potior f 
— of dig nor ? * What is the rule for Icetor, &c. ? t What is 
remarked of gaudeo? — ofjido, confido, and assuesco? — of 
the use of different prepositions after these verbs ? * What 
is said of the ablative after sura ? t What preposition is some- 
times used before such ablatives ? 

§ 246. * What is the rule for the ablative of source after 
certain participles ? t After what verb, denoting origin, is 
the preposition sometimes omitted ? What prepositions are 
often expressed after these participles ? 

§ 247. * What is the rule for the ablative of cause, &c. ? — 
t when the cause is a voluntary agent ? What prepositions 
are sometimes used when the cause is not a voluntary agent ? 
Plow is the cause expressed after an active verb ? With 
what preposition is the manner often connected ? With 
what other occasionally? With what preposition is the 
means often expressed ? — when it is a voluntary agent ? 
What is said of the use of the instrument with a preposi- 
tion ? 

§ 248. * "What is the rule for the voluntary agent of a verb 
in the passive voice ? f What ablatives of the agent are often 
understood ? What is said of the voluntary agent after neuter 
verbs ? — of the omission of the preposition ? — of the involun- 
tary agent ? 

§ 249. * What is the rule for the ablative denoting that 
with which the action of a verb is performed ? With what 
classes of verbs is this construction used ? What is the rule 
for the ablative of accordance t \ What prepositions are often 
expressed with this ablative ? * What is the rule for the 
ablative of accompaniment f 

§ 250. * What is the rule for the ablative denoting in 
what respect ? What is the rule for adjectives of plenty or 
want? — for verbs signifying to abound, &c. ? t What other 
cases are sometimes used to denote in what respect ? What 
peculiar construction occurs after facio and sum f 

§251. * What is the rule for a noun, denoting that 
of which any thing is deprived, &c. ? To what classes of 
verbs does this rule apply ? t What prepositions sometimes 
follow these verbs ? What is said of the active verbs induo, 
exuo, &c. ? — of inter dlco ? — of abdlco ? 

§ 252. *What is the rule for the ablative of price 1 ? 
t When joined to a noun, in what case are tantus, &c, put ? 
How is the ablative of price often expressed without a noun r 
What is said of valeo ? 



Mlative of Time, Place, fyc. §§ 253—257. 39 

§253. * What is the rule for the ablative of time? 
t When a time is marked by its distance from another fixed 
time, how may it be expressed ? What are sometimes added 
to post and ante? What may be used instead of postquam? 
What is said of the use of abhinc? — of id and a genitive? 
With what prepositions is the time at or within which any 
thing is done sometimes joined ? 

§ 254. * What is the rule for the ablative of place? 
t What is said of rure? What preposition is sometimes 
expressed? How are other names of places usually con- 
strued ? 

§ 255. * What is the rule for the ablative after verbs 
expressing or implying motion? t What other names of 
places are used in the same manner ? With an adjective, 
which of the two is used, rure or ruri ? What is said of the 
use of prepositions before names of towns, denoting whence ? 
— before other names of places ? 

§ 256. * What is the rule for the comparative degree, 
when quam is omitted ? t What is said of an object com- 
pared with the subject of a proposition ? — or with a person 
or thing addressed ? In what case is the second object, 
when quam is used ? When is quam commonly used ? 
If the second object is a relative prououn, and the former is 
in the accusative, what is said of the use of quam ? * What 
is said of plus, minus, and amplius ? t What is said of the 
dative and vocative after these words ? — of quam after 
major, minor, &c. ? In what situation is quam always 
expressed? What ablatives after comparatives supply the 
place of a clause ? When these ablatives are omitted, how 
is the comparative to De translated ? What is said of infe- 
rior ? — of quam pro ? How are two qualities of the same 
object compared ? What is said of magis ? What preposi 
tions are sometimes used after comparatives ? What is said 
of alius? — of ac and atque? * How is degree cf difference 
expressed ? — t absolute difference ? — relative difference ? 

§ 257. * What is the rule for the ablative absolute? t To 
what is this construction equivalent ? With what kinds of 
participles is it principally used ? * What limitation is there 
in the use of the ablative absolute ? t What exceptions occur 
to this limitation ? How does the ablative absolute mark 
the time of an action ? What difference is there, in this 
respect, between the present and perfect participle ? What 
is a frequent cause of the ablative absolute with the perfect 
passive participle ? For what English participles is the per- 
fect participle of Latin verbs used? What is said of the 
perfect participles of deponent verbs ? What construction 
arises from the want of a present participle of gum ? With 
4*- 



40 Connection of Tenses. Use of Moods. §§ 258—261 

names of office, what does this ablative absolute denote ? 
How is the place of the noun sometimes supplied ? Is the 
noun, or an equivalent, always expressed ? 

§ 258. * Into what two classes may tenses be divided ? 
What are similar tenses ? f Mention the two classes of 
tenses. What is said of the mode of dependence in the 1st 
class ? — in the 2d class ? When may the present be followed 
by the imperfect ? When may the perfect definite ? What 
is said of the perfect indefinite, in reference to the perfect sub- 
junctive ? — of the tenses which follow present infinitives and 
present participles ? — perfect infinitives ? What is said of 
dissimilar tenses ? For what purpose may the present be fol- 
lowed by the imperfect or pluperfect ? — the perfect indefinite 
by the present ? 

§ 259. * How is the indicative mood used ? t For what 
other tense is the present sometimes used? — the perfect? 
After what particles does this occur ? For what other tense 
is the pluperfect used ? — the future ? — the future perfect ? 
What is said of the connection of future tenses ? In what 
mood is the verb in expressions denoting the propriety, &c, 
of an action ? What is said of the past tenses of the indica- 
tive in the conclusion of conditional clauses ? 

§ 260. * How is the subjunctive mood used ? t Whence 
is its name ? When is it to be translated like the indicative ? 
What is said of the time of its tenses ? Upon what does this 
subjunctive depend? *For what purpose is the subjunctive 
used when it does not imply the existence of the action, or 
state, which the verb expresses ? t What is said of the 
meaning of its tenses in this sense? To what time may the 
present relate ? — the imperfect ? — the perfect ? — the plu 
perfect ? What is said of the use of the imperfect and plu 
perfect ? What tenses may be used to denote a supposition ? 
— to soften an assertion ? — in questions implying a doubt ot 
the probability or propriety of an action ? * How is the 
present often used ? t What other tenses are sometimes so 
used ? What negative is commonly employed in this sense 
of the subjunctive ? In what ways is the future of the sub- 
junctive supplied ? By what tenses is the non-existence ot 
an action, &c., denoted ? What tenses do not decide in 
regard to its existence ? 

§261. * Explain the terms protasis and apodosis. t When 
are the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive used in the 
protasis of conditional clauses ? For what purpose are the 
same tenses used in the apodosis? When are the present 
and perfect subjunctive used in the protasis? What is the 
distinction between the use of the indicative and the sub- 
junctive in the protdsis of a conditional sentence ? When 



Subjunctive after Particles, fyc. §§ 262 — 266. 41 

must the indicative be used in the protasis of a conditional 
sentence ? In both the protasis and apodosis, what tenses 
are sometimes used in the sense of the imperfect and plu- 
perfect ? 

§ 262. *What is the general rule for the subjunctive 
after particles ? t To what does ut, denoting a result, often 
relate ? What is said of ut, signifying although ? With 
what classes of impersonal verbs is ut and the subjunc- 
tive often used ? After what classes of verbs is ut omitted ? 
What is said of ne, lest ? After what is ne often omitted ? 
What is said of the meaning of ne and ut after verbs of fear- 
ing? Is the clause on which the subjunctive with ut, &c, 
depends always expressed ?■ What is said of qud, that, &c. ? 

— of quin ? For what is quin used ? 

§ 263. * What is the rule for the subjunctive after par- 
ticles of wishing f t What is said of quamvis, however, &c. ? 

— of quamvis, although ? — of quanquam, although ? What 
is said of antequam an^ priusquam ? — of dum, donee , and 
quoad ? * What is said of quum or cum ? — t of the mean- 
ings of cum ? — of cum in narration ? What is the general 
distinction between the use of the indicative and the sub- 
junctive after cum? 

§ 264. * What is the rule for the subjunctive when qui 
follows tarn, adeo, &c. ? t Is the demonstrative word always 
expressed ? * What is the rule when the relative is equiva- 
lent to quanquam is, <&c. ? — -for quod in restrictive clauses? 

— for the relative after the comparative followed by quam ? 

— for a relative clause expressing a purpose, &c? — for 
a relative clause after an indefinite general expression ? 
f What expressions are included in the rule ? What is the 
rule for a relative clause after a general negative, &c. ? 
What limitation of this rule is given in the note ? * What 
is said of a relative clause expressing the reason of what 
goes before ? — t of ut, quippe, or utpote — qui ? * What is 
said of a relative clause after dignus, &c. ? t What limi- 
tation of this rule is given ? * What is said of a relative 
clause after unus and solus ? - — t of a relative referring to a 
dependent clause ? When are the imperfect and pluperfect 
subjunctive used in a narrative after relative words ? 

§ 265. * What is the rule for the subjunctive in indirect 
questions ? t When is a question indirect ? What words 
may be used thus indirectly ? In double questions, how is 
each introduced ? What is said of dublto an, haud scio an, 
and nescio an ? — of nescio quis ? 

§ 266. * What is the rule for the subjunctive in inter- 
mediate clauses ? t How is the oratio obliqua defined ? 
* What is the general rule for the moods in oratio obliqua ? 
4t 



42 Imperative and Infinitive, §§ 267—273. 

t When is the subjunctive found in place of the infinitive in 
oratio obliqua P Can a writer express his own thoughts in 
oratio obliqua f What is said of reflexives in oratio obliqua f 
— of the tenses to be used in changing from the oratio 
directaP When may a connected clause be expressed in the 
indicative ? * When does a clause connected by a relative, 
&c, to another, whatever be the mood of the latter, take the 
subjunctive ? t What is said of dicOj puto, &c, in Cicero ? 

§ 267. * What is the rule for the use of the imperative 
mood ? t What does the third person express ? * How are 
not and nor expressed in Latin with the imperative ? t What 
other parts of the verb are used instead of the imperative ? 
What is said of fac f — of noli f — of cave ? 

§ 268. * What do the tenses of the infinitive denote ? 
t What is the usual construction of memlni ? For what is 
the perfect sometimes used? — the present? What periph- 
rasis is sometimes used for the future infinitive ? When 
is this construction necessary ? Hf>w is a future action in 
the passive sometimes denoted ? What is said of the peri- 
phrastic infinitive formed by the future active participle and 
fuisse ? When does the perfect infinitive correspond to the 
pluperfect subjunctive ? When is this use of the perfect 
infinitive necessary ? 

§ 269. t What is said of the infinitive passive of neuter 
verbs ? * What is the rule for the infinitive as a subject ? 
When no subject is expressed before an infinitive, what is 
often implied ? When is the infinitive often the subject of a 
proposition ? Can an infinitive be the subject of an infini- 
tive ? 

§ 270. *Upon what may the infinitive, either with or 
without a subject-accusative, depend ? Upon what, beside a 
verb, may the infinitive alone depend ? t What is said of 
the infinitive with its subject-accusative standing uncon- 
nected ? — of the omission of the infinitive ? 

§ 27 1, * After what classes of verbs is the infinitive 
without a subject used ? t In what two ways may passives, 
governing an infinitive, be used ? * Whose action must an 
infinitive denote when used after a verb without a subject ? 

§ 272. *Upon what classes of verbs does the accusative 
with the infinitive depend ? t How is ambiguity avoided 
when the subject and object of a verb would both be in the> 
accusative? *How is the accusative with the infinitive 
usually translated ? t When has the present infinitive a past 
signification ? * What is said of the present infinitive after 
verbs of sense ? 

§ 273. * When is the particle that a sign of the sub- 
junctive in Latin.'' How is it then expressed in Latin } 



HI 



Participles, Gerunds and Gerundives, §§ 274, 275. 43 

What is that a sign of in other cases ? What is the rule for 
verbs of endeavoring, &c. ? — f for operam do, &c. ? — * for verbs 
of effecting, &c. ? f Mention particular uses of facio. * What is 
the rule for verbs of requesting, &c. ? — ffor nuntio, &c. ? 
What is said of jubeo and veto ? — of mo?ieo, &c. ? Explain the 
changes of mood sometimes made in the oratio obliqua. * What 
is the rule for verbs denoting willingness, &c. ? f What particu- 
lar construction has oportetl *What is the rule for verbs 
denoting Joy or grief, &c. ? f Considering the clause containing 
the accusative with the infinitive as a noun, how is it to be gov- 
erned when it follows neuter verbs ? What is the difference 
in meaning between a proposition expressed by the infinitive 
and by quod with the indicative or the subjunctive ? What is 
frequently subjoined to the latter ? To what time does quad 
commonly refer ? What is said of quod in the beginning of a 
sentence in the sense of as to? What does the construction of 
the infinitive resemble ? In what respects does its construc- 
tion resemble that of a noun ? 

§ 274» * By what cases are participles followed ? What 
is said of the time of the present, perfect, and future active 
participles ? f What peculiar meanings has the present par- 
ticiple ? — the perfect ? What is said of habeo with certain 
perfect participles ? What other verbs are sometimes so 
construed ? How is the place of a verbal noun in io or us 
sometimes supplied ? What is said of the future active 
participle ? When does the participle in dus denote a 
purpose ? * What meaning has the participle in dus when 
agreeing with the subject of a sentence ? t How is the par- 
ticiple in dus commonly used in its oblique cases ? For what 
clauses are participles often employed ? What if the par- 
ticiple relate to a noun not contained in the leading proposi- 
tion ? 

§ 275. * By what cases are gerunds followed ? t What 
is their form ? — their meaning ? How are they translated ? 
Are they always active ? What cases of verbal nouns do 
they supply ? * Instead of the gerund of an active verb, 
what is often used ? t What is said of the future participles 
of utor,fruor, &c. ? When a participle in dus is used for a 
gerund, what is it called? — how is it translated? What 
restriction is there to the use of the gerundive? * What is 
the rule for the genitive of gerunds and gerundives ? t After 
what classes of adjectives do these genitives most commonly 
occur ? Upon what does a genitive plural sometimes depend ? 
With what part of speech is this most common ? With pro- 
nouns of what gender is this construction used in the singu- 



44 Supines. Adverbs. Conjunctions. §§ 276—279. 

lar number ? What is said of the gerund and gerundive 
denoting a tendency, after sum ? * What is the rule for the 
dative of gerunds and gerundives? t After what nouns does 
the dative of the gerundive sometimes occur ? In what way 
is a purpose more frequently expressed ? What construction 
do the poets often use after adjectives, instead of the dative 
of gerunds and gerundives ? * What is the rule for the 
accusative of gerunds and gerundives ? — for the ablative f 

§ 276. * By what cases are supines in um followed ? 
What do they follow ? What is their use ? t Do they ever 
follow other verbs ? What is said of the supine in um with 
eo ? In what form does the supine in um most frequently 
occur ? How is this construction explained ? In what other 
ways may a purpose be expressed ? * With what classes of 
adjectives is the supine in u used ? After what nouns is it 
also used? t What is said of the voice of the supine in uf 
What is its nature ? What other constructions are equiva- 
lent to the supine in u ? What is the most common con- 
struction of dignus ? 

§ 277. * What is the rule for the construction of the ad- 
verb f What other parts of speech do adverbs modify ? 
What is said of a negative adverb modifying another 
negative word ? What if the subject and predicate of a 
proposition are both modified by negative words ? — t or the 
antecedent and the predicate of a relative clause ? Do two 
negatives, thus constructed, always affirm ? * After what is 
non omitted, when followed by ne auidem? t In what other 
situation is non sometimes omitted ? In what sense is facile* 
ioined to superlatives, &c. ? To what are adverbs sometimes 
equivalent ? 

§ 278. * What is the rule for copulative and disjunctive 
conjunctions ? t When are words said to be in the same 
construction ? What conjunctions are not included in this 
rule ? Are words, thus constructed, always in the same 
case ? What beside single words are connected by these 
conjunctions ? When may the subjunctive be connected 
with the imperative ? When may the indicative be con- 
nected with the subjunctive ? For what purpose is a con- 
junction used before each of two or more connected clauses ? 
What is said of the use of ciim.... turn? What conjunctions 
are used to connect different names of the same persons? 
Where do ac and atque signify as and than ? 

§ 279. t What is the order of words in an English sen- 
tence ? * What is the order of words in a Latin sentence r 
t What general rule modifies this ? * Where do connectives 
generally stand ? t What connectives occupy the second or 
third place ? To what word, in a clause, are the enclitics 



Arrangement Analysis, Prosody. §§ 28tf — 283. 45 

que, ne, ve, usually subjoined ? To what are quidcm and 
quoque subjoined ? What is said of ne and quidem ? What 
is said of words repeated for distinction, &c. ? — of words used 
antithetically ? — of inquam and aio ? — of adjectives ? — of 
demonstratives, and the adjectives primus, &c? — of mono- 
syllables ? — of nouns in apposition ? — of names of persons ? 
* What is said of oblique cases ? — t of genitives depending 
on neuter adjectives ? — of a noun governed by a preposition, 
when modified by other words? — of^erin adjurations? — 
of tenus and versus? * What is said of infinitives ? — t of a 
word having the same relation to several words ? * What is 
said of relatives ? — t of quisque ? — of adverbs ? * What is 
said of the emphatic word ? t What close of a sentence 
should be avoided ? How is hiatus explained ? A concur- 
rence of what words should be avoided ? 

§280. f What is a period? How are the parts of a 
period arranged ? When are clauses usually formed into a 
period ? What is the rule when a clause is interrupted by 
the introduction of another ? What place should clauses 
signifying a cause, a condition, &c, occupy? — a short 
clause ? 

§ 281. * Of what does analysis consist? t What is the 
first thing to be done ? — - the second ? When the grammati- 
cal subject is determined, what is next to be done ? In ana- 
lyzing the logical predicate, what is first to be done ? What 
next? When should the rules for the agreement and de- 
pendence of words be given ? What are the steps by which 
a compound sentence is analyzed ? When should the con- 
nection of the clauses be pointed out ? 



PROSODY. 

§ 282. *Of what does Prosody treat? What is meant 
by the quantity of a syllable ? Into how many kinds are 
syllables divided ? What is said of a long syllable ? — of a 
common one ? What is meant by the natural quantity of a 
syllable ? — by its accidental quantity ? In what two ways is 
the quantity of syllables determined ? What are the general 
rules of quantity ? — the special rules ? 

§ 283. * What is the general rule for a. vowel before 
another vowel ? Is the quantity affected by an intervening 
h ? What is said of the i in fio ? — of e before i in the ter- 
mination of the genitive and dative of the fifth declension ? 
\ What exceptions are given ? * What is the quantity of a 
in old genitives in at of the first declension ? — t of a and e 



46 Prosody. — General Rules. § § 284, 285. 

in proper names in ants and exits ? — * of i in genitives in 
ius f f What is the exception to this ? Repeat the rule 
for the first vowel of eheu, &c. What is said of a vowel 
before another vowel, in many Greek words ? What is said 
of words which, in Greek, are written with ei before a vowel ? 
What adjectives does this principle include ? What words, 
and classes of words, have e or i, in such case, common ? 
What cases from Greek nominatives in eus shorten e? 
What classes of Greek words generally lengthen a vowel 
before another vowel ? W^hat is said of Greek words in 
aon and ion ? — of Greek proper names in eus (gen. eos) ? 

* What is the general rule for diphthongs ? What is said of 
prce in composition ? t Where is a diphthong sometimes 
shortened ? What is said of u followed by another vowel ? 

* What is the general rule for a syllable formed by contrac- 
tion ? What is the general rule for position ? f What is said 
of the compounds of jugum? Where must the consonants 
stand, in order to lengthen a vowel by position? What if 
both stand at the beginning of the next word ? What is said 
of a short vowel at the end of a word before a double conso- 
nant or j ? * What is the rule for a vowel before a mute and 
a liquid? t What if the vowel is naturally long? What 
limitation is given of the rule respecting a mute and a liquid ? 
What is said of a mute and a liquid in compound words ? — 
at the beginning of a word ? What liquids in Latin render 
a short vowel common ? — in Greek ? 

§ 284. * What is the rule for the quantity of derivative 
words ? — of derivatives from increasing nouns of the third 
declension ? — of the derived tenses of verbs ? — of perfects 
and supines of two syllables ? t Repeat the seven perfects 
which have the first syllable short ; — the ten supines which 
have the first syllable short. * What is said of reduplicated 
perfects ? t What exceptions are mentioned ? What is said 
of the o in posui? — of a in da ? — of u in desiderative verbs ? 
— of frequentative verbs ? 

§ 285. * What is the rule for compound words? t Has 
the change of a vowel or diphthong any effect upon its 
quantity ? What is said of o final in the compounds of do 
and sto ? — of prepositions of one syllable ? — of the Greek 
pro f — of the inseparable prepositions di and se f — re or 
red ? — of the vowels when ending the first part of a com- 
pound word? What exceptions are there in a? — in e? 
What is said of e in videlicet? In what compounds is e 
common? What is the 1st class of compounds in which i 
is long ? — the 2d ? What 4 words have the i long ? What 
is said of the i in idem ? In what 4 compound adverbs is the 
i long ? In what 3 is it common ? What is said of i in 



Increments of Nouns and Verbs. §§ 28G — 291 47 

compounds of dies ? — in Greek compound words ? What 
4 classes of compounds have o long ? What 4 compound 
adverbs have o long? What is said of the compounds of 
quo ? — of quoque ? In what Greek words is o long ? What 
2 compounds have u long? 

§ 286. * When is a noun said to increase? To what 
does the number of increments, in any case, amount ? How 
many increments have nouns in general in the singular? 
t What nouns and adjectives have two increments ? What 
is said of the increments of the dative and ablative plural of 
the 3d declension ? * What syllable is considered as the 1st 
increment ? — the 2d ? — the 3d ? t What is said of the 
quantity of the 1st increment in the 3d declension ? — of the 
increment of adjectives and participles ? 

§287. * What is said of the increments of nouns in the 
singular number in the 1st, 4th, and 5th declensions ? — in 
the 2d ? — in the 3d ? t What is the first exception to incre- 
ments in a f — the 2d ? — the 3d ? The 1st exception to 
increments in o? — the 2d?— the 3d?— the 4th? — the 
5th ? — the 6th ? — the 7th ? The 1st exception to incre- 
ments in e? — the 3d? The 1st exception to increments in 
it — the 3d ? The 1st exception to increments in u? — to 
increments in y? 

§ 288. * When is a noun in the plural number said to 
increase? Which syllable is called the plural increment? 
What is the rule for plural increments of nouns ? 

§ 289. * When is a verb said to increase? How is the 
number of verbal increments determined ? What is said of 
the place of the 1st increment ? How are the succeeding 
ones numbered ? t What is the greatest number of verbal 
increments in each voice ? How are the increments of 
deponent verbs to be determined ? 

§ 290. * What is the rule for the quantity of verbal in- 
crements ? f What exception is there to verbal increments in 
a? What is the 1st exception to those in ef — the 2d ? What 
is the 1st exception to those in it — the 2d ? — the 3d ? — the 
4th ? — the 5th ? What exceptions to increments in uf 

§ 291. t What is the rule for words ending in acus, icus, 
and icum ? — in abrum, ubrum, acrum, ucrum, and atrum? — 
in ca ? — of patronymics in ades and ides ? — of patronymics 
and similar words in ais, eis, and ois? — of words in do? — 
in idus? — in udus? — of nouns in g& and go? — of words 
in le, lesy and lis ?-^ in elus, ela, elum?-^of diminutives in 
olus, &c. ? — of ulus, &c. ? — of words in ilus, and in ulus and 
via of more than 2 syllables ? — of words in ma ? — of a vowel 
before men or mentum ? — of words ending in imus and 
ymus ? -^ of a, e t o, and u, before final mus and mum f '— * of 



48 Penults, fyc. Final Vowels. §§ 292—299. 

words in na, we, ni, and nis ? — of adjectives in inus derived 
from names of trees, &c. ? — of other words in inus ? — of a, 
e, o, and m, before final nus and num ? — of words ending in 
pa ? — of words in aris and are ? — of e before final ro or 
ror ? — of i, o, and u, before the same terminations ? — of e 
before final rus, ra, rum ? — of the other vowels in the same 
situation? — of adjectives in osus? — of nouns in etas and 
itas? — of adverbs in tim? — of words in ates, itis, otis, and 
eta ? — of nouns in atum, etum, itum, and utum ? — of words 
ending in tus f — of a penultimate vowel before vP — ot 
words ending in dex, dix, mex, nix, lex, rex ? 

§ 292. t What is said of the antepenult of adjectives in 
aceus and aneusf — of numerals in ginti, ginta, gies, and 
esimus ? — of o and u before final lentus ? — of a vowel before 
nea, neo, nia, nio, nius, nium?—of words ending in areo, 
arius, arium, erium, oriusf — of adjectives in atlcus and 
atilis ? — of i before final tudo f 

§ 293. t What terminations of proper names of more 
than 2 syllables shorten the penult? What terminations 
lengthen it ? 

§ 294. * What is the rule for a final in words declined ? 
t What exceptions ? * What is the rule for a final in words 
not declined ? t What exceptions ? 

§ 295. * What is the rule for e final ? t In which declen- 
sions is e final long ? What is said of Greek neuters plural ? 
Where, in the 2d conjugation, is e final long ? What ex- 
ceptions ? What is said of" final e in monosyllables ? — in 
adverbs formed from adjectives of the 1st and 2d declensions? 
What other 3 adverbs have e final long ? 

§ 296. * What is the rule for i final? t What pronouns 
in the dative, and what adverbs, have i common? What 
have it common, but usually short? What adverbs have it 
short ? In what datives singular is i short ? In what voca- 
tives singular ? In what Greek datives and ablatives, plural t 

§ 297. * What is the rule for o final ? t What is said of 
monosyllables in o f — of o in the dative and ablative singu- 
lar ? — of ablatives used as adverbs ? — of the gerund in do f 
In what adverb is o final short ? What is said of modo and 
its compounds ? In what other adverbs is o final common ? 
In what adverbs is it short ? What is the 3d exception ? 
In what Greek words is it long ? 

§ 298. * What is the rule for u final ? t What exceptions 
are there ? * What is the rule for y final ? t What excep- 
tion ? 

§ 299. * What is the rule for final syllables ending in b, 
d, I, n, r, and t? t What exceptions in If — in nf What 
is said of GreeH nouns in n ? What exceptions in r ?> What 



Feet. Figures of Scanning. §§ 300 — 310. 49 

are the nouns in the 5th exception ? * What is said of m 
final ? — t of u in cum and circum in composition r — * ot 
nouns ending inc.? t What exceptions in c ? 

§ 300. * What is the rule for final syllables in as, es, and 
os ? t What exceptions in as ? - — in es ? — in os ? 

§ 301 . * What is the rule for final syllables in is, us, and 
ys? t Exceptions in is? — in us? *What is said of the 
last syllable of every verse ? 

§ 30 2. * What is a foot ? What are simple feet ? — com- 
pound feet ? Name and describe the feet of two syllables; — 
of three syllables, t What are isochronous feet ? 

§ 303. * What is metre ? t Into what kinds is it divided ? 
From what are these names derived ? What is a metre or 
measure? In what measures does it consist of one foot 
only ? 

§ 304. *What is a verse?— t a distich? — a hemistich? 
From what are the different species of verse named ? What 
is an acatalectic verse? — a catalectic? — a brachycatalectic? 
— an acephalous verse ? — a hyper catalectic or hypermeter 
verse ? Of how many terms does the complete name of 
every verse consist ? What is the triemimeris ? — the 
penthemimeris ? — the hepthemimeris? — the ennehemimeris ? 
* What is scanning ? 

§305. *What is synalcepha? t What words are not 
elided ? What is said of o when not elided ? — of other long 
vowels and diphthongs ? * What is echthlipsis ? t What is 
said of the usage of the early poets ? — of the elision of s ? 

§ 306. *What is synaresis? f In what words is it fre- 
quent ? What is said of cui and huic ? What is the differ- 
ence between synaresis and crasis? * What is diaresis? 

§ 307. * What is systdle ? t After what prepositions is j 
omitted by systole? What is said of systole in steterunt, 
tulerunt, &c. ? * What is diastole ? t In what does it most 
commonly occur ? * What is synapheia ? t In what kinds 
of verse is this most frequent ? 

§308. *What is rhythm? What is arsis? What is 
thesis ? t Where is the natural arsis of a foot ? How is the 
arsis determined in a substituted foot ? What is said of the 
duration of the arsis and thesis? * What is the ictus ? 

§ 309. * What is cazsura? Of how many kinds? Ex- 
plain each. By which is a short syllable lengthened ? What 
is the caisural pause ? t What is the effect of the caesura ? 

§ 310. * Describe the hexameter verse. What is a spon- 
daic verse ? t What is the effect of dactyls ? — of spondees ? 
What is the heroic caesura? What other caesura was ap- 
proved? What caesura was least approved? What is the 
bucolic caesura ? What is the masculine caesura ? — the 



50 Different Species of Verse. §§ 311—320. 

feminine or trochaic ? Describe the Priapean hexameter 
When is a regular hexameter verse called Priapean ? 

§ 31 1. * Describe the pentameter verse. How is it gen- 
erally divided ? What is the ancient mode ? Where is the 
caesura ? t What is said of its lengthening effect ? How 
does the pentameter usually end ? How is it commonly 
used ? 

§ 312. t Describe the tetrameter a prior e; — the tetrame- 
ter a posterior e ; — the dactylic trimeter ; — the trimeter cata- 
lectic ; — the dactylic dimeter. 

§313. t Describe the anapaestic monometer ; — the ana 
pas tic dimeter. 

§314. t Describe the iambic trimeter. Where does the 
caesura occur ? What changes were made in the pure iambic ? 
Describe the scazon or ckoliambus. Describe the iambic 
tetrameter ; — the iambic tetrameter catalectic ; — the iambic 
trimeter catalectic ; — the iambic dimeter ; — the iambic dime- 
ter hypermeter ; — the iambic dimeter acephalous ; — the iam- 
bic dimeter catalectic; — the Galliambus, Where is its 
caesura ? 

§ 315. t How can trochaic be changed into iambic verses? 
What is the most common trochaic metre ? Describe it. 
Where does the pause occur ? Describe the Sapphic verse. 
What is said of the caesura ? Describe the Phalecian verse ; 

— the trochaic dimeter catalectic. 
§ 316. t Describe the choriambic pentameter ; — the cho- 
riambic tetrameter. What peculiarity has this verse in Hor- 
ace ? Describe the Asclepiadic tetrameter ; — the choriambic 
trimeter ; — the choriambic trimeter catalectic ; — the choriam- 
bic dimeter. 

§ 317. t Describe the Ionic a majore; — the Ionic a mi- 
nor e. 

§ 318. tWhat is compound metre? Of what does the 
dactyl ico-iambic metre consist ? — the iambico- dactylic metre ? 

— the greater Alcaic ? — the dactylico-trochaic ? — the dactyl- 
ico-trochaic tetrameter ? 

§319. t What is the carmen monocolon? — dicolon? — 
tricolon ? — distrophon ? — tristrophon ? — tetrastrophon f — a 
stanza or strophe? 

§ 320. t How many kinds of metre are used by Horace 
in his lyrics ? In how many forms has he employed them ? 



Grammatical Figures, fyc. §§ 322 — 327. 51 



APPENDIX. 

§ 32 2. * What are grammatical figures t t To what parts 
of grammar may these relate? What is metaplasm ? — -pros- 
thesis ? — apkceresis ? — epenthesis ? — syncope ? — crasis ? — 
pa.ragoge ? — apocope ? — antithesis ? — metathesis ? 

§ 323. t Into what classes are the figures of syntax divid- 
ed ? What is ellipsis ? What does ellipsis include ? What 
is asyndeton? — zeugma? In what other sense is zeugma 
used ? What is syllepsis ? — prolepsis ? — synecdoche ? What 
is pleonasm ? What figures does it include ? What is parel- 
con ? — polysyndeton ? — hendiddys ? — periphrasis ? What 
is enalldge ? What figures does it include ? What is anti- 
meria ? — heterosis ? — antiptosis ? — synesis or synthesis ? — 
anacoliithon ? What is hyperbdton ? What does it include ? 
What is anastrophe ? — hysteron proteron ? — hypalldge ? — 
synch y sis ? - — tmesis ? — parenthesis ? — archaism ? — Hellen- 
ism? 

§ 324. t What is a rhetorical figure? What is a trope? 

— a metaphor ? — catachresis ? — metonymy ? — synecdoche ? — 
irony ? — hyperbole ? — metalepsis ? — allegory ? — enigma ? 

— antonomasia ? — litotes ? — antiphrdsis ? — euphemism ? — 

ant mucldsis ? anaphora ? epistrophe ? sympldce ? — 

eparmlcpsis ? — anadiplosis ? — epanadiplosis ? — epanddos ? 

— epizevxis ? — climax ? — incrementum ? — polyptoton ? — 
paregmenon? — paronomasia? — homceopropheron or allitera- 
tion ? — antithesis ? — oxymoron ? — synonymia ? — parabola 
or simtte ? — erotesis ? — epanorthosis ? — aposiopesis ? — 
prosopopoeia or personification ? — apostrophe ? 

§325. t What is barbarism ? — solecism ? — neoterism ? — 
tautology ? — amphibolia ? — idiotism ? 

§ 326. * In what respect did the Roman calendar agree 
with our own ? From what three points did they reckon 
the days of their months ? Upon what day of the month did 
the calends fall ? — the nones ? — the ides ? How did they 
count their days ? What was the day before each of the 
fixed periods called ? What was the second day before those 
periods called ? — the third ? How is the Roman calendar 
reduced to our own ? What is necessary in reckoning the 
days before the calends ? How is our calendar reduced to 
the Roman ? t In leap year, what day of February was 
called dies bissextus? Why was it so called ? 

§327. * How did the Romans reckon their copper 
money ? — their silver money ? — their gold money ? t What 
was the as originally ? What was it in the days of the re- 
public ? Into how many parts was the as divided ? What 



52 



Roman Money. Abbreviations. § 328. 



are the names of the parts ? What was the denarius origi- 
nally equal to ? What was it subsequently ? What was its 
value according to our currency ? What was the value of 
the sesterce? How was it denoted ? What was the value of 
the aureus ? — of the talent ? How did the Romans reckon 
sums under 2000 sesterces ? — from 2000 to 1,000,000 ? — a 
million or more ? 

§ 328. tFor what did A. stand? &c. When does the 
Roman literature commence? Into what four ages are the 
Roman writers divided ? What are the limits of the golden 
age ? When did Roman literature reach its highest eleva 
tion? What are the limits of the silver age?- — of the brazen 
age ? When did the iron age commence ? Which are the 
most distinguished writers of the golden age ? — of the silvei 
age ? — of the brazen age ? 



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